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The U.S. Tax Stress Report 2026

For millions of Americans, tax season is more than a financial obligation. It’s become a real source of anxiety.

IRS data shows the agency issued more than 117 million refunds worth over $461 billion in 2024, making tax season one of the single largest annual wealth redistribution events in the country. And yet, recent consumer research suggests many Americans are relying on those refunds to cover everyday essentials, including groceries, rent, bills, and debt repayments.

New research commissioned by Sigma Tax Pro sheds light on how Americans are really feeling about tax season and the role refunds play in their financial stability. 

Based on a nationally representative survey of 2,000 Americans, the findings reveal widespread anxiety over unexpected tax bills, difficulty saving after filing, and a heavy reliance on annual refunds to make ends meet. The research also uncovered persistent confusion around the filing process, as well as strong skepticism toward AI-powered tax tools and services.

Let’s take a closer look.

Tax season is a source of financial stress for millions

For many Americans, tax season is more than just paperwork. It’s a major source of pressure and financial uncertainty.

Nearly one in three Americans (32%) worry their savings won’t cover a tax bill, and 44% say they’d struggle to pay an unexpected bill of $1,000 or more. Thirty-five percent find it hard to save money after filing, a sign that taxes continue to impact households long after filing season is done.

The emotional toll is real, too. Almost a third of Americans (29%) say they feel stressed about their tax situation, and 25% say tax season takes a measurable hit on their mental health. What’s more, when refunds do arrive, for many households, they don’t go towards anything fun. Instead, 39% say most of their refund goes straight towards essentials like bills and groceries.

Many Americans see tax refunds as a financial lifeline

When some Americans receive their refund, they see it as a nice bonus. But for many, that isn’t the case. For millions across the country, tax refunds play a major role in household budgeting.

More than one third of Americans (35%) say their refund is one of the biggest financial boosts of the year, and 28% rely on it as a key source of income each spring. So much so, 30% say they’d rather receive a larger annual refund than see more money in their monthly paycheck, even if that means giving the government what is effectively an interest-free loan.

That said, not everyone is satisfied with how they spend their refund. More than one quarter (26%) say they’ve regretted how they spent a tax refund in the past.

Fortunately, not all Americans feel the same. 19% spend most of their refund on vacations, gifts, or personal treats, and 27% say they save or invest most of theirs.

Millions of Americans don’t feel confident filing their taxes

Taxes are an annual reality for most adults in the U.S. However, understanding them is another matter entirely.

More than one in five Americans (21%) say they don’t understand the tax process, and only 45% say they do. Confidence in filing independently is even more divided. Just 38% say they would feel confident filing taxes without help, while 30% say they wouldn’t.

The fear of getting things wrong also runs deep. Almost a third (30%) believe they have missed deductions or credits they were eligible for. Another 25% worry they have made mistakes on their taxes, while 23% admit they have. Meanwhile, 27% worry about getting into trouble for filing incorrectly.

The survey also found that procrastination remains common, with 25% saying they usually wait until the last minute to file.

One particularly revealing finding shows that 22% of Americans believe a larger refund means they paid less tax overall, a fundamental misunderstanding that highlights just how far behind basic tax literacy remains.

Americans trust human tax pros more than AI tools

Artificial intelligence is reshaping financial services and, broadly speaking, many Americans remain hesitant about using it for preparing their taxes.

More than half of Americans (55%) say they trust a human tax professional more than AI to prepare their tax return. 41% say they would not trust AI to help prepare their taxes at all, and just 24% say they would trust AI to assist them.

The findings suggest that while AI technology is getting better every day, when it comes to high-stakes situations like tax preparation, Americans still want a human in the room.

Side hustles are complicating tax season for many

The gig economy, freelance work, and multiple income streams are changing how Americans earn, and making tax season more complicated in the process.

More than one quarter of Americans (28%) have more than one source of income, yet the confidence to report it correctly isn’t always there. While 53% say they’re confident they accurately report all their income, 22% find it confusing to report additional income, and another 22% aren’t even sure what qualifies as taxable.

Around 17% worry they may have failed to report income in the past. And tax complexity itself may be putting a ceiling on ambition: one in five Americans (20%) say it discourages them from trying to earn more.

Despite that, optimism is steadfast. 21% of Americans believe it’s possible for someone like them to earn $1 million through multiple income streams, even though just 22% think the current tax system fairly treats people who earn that way.

What the data reveals about America’s relationship with taxes

The picture that emerges from this data isn’t just about numbers. It’s about a system that millions of Americans find stressful, confusing, and, in many cases, actively working against them.

From refund dependency and filing anxiety to side-hustle confusion and AI skepticism, the throughline is consistent: Americans want help they can trust, and they’re not finding it in algorithms. 

Human expertise and a genuine understanding of individual financial situations remain the gold standard, and the gap between where taxpayers are and where they feel confident is still very broad.

Methodology

This report is based on a nationally representative survey of 2,000 American adults, conducted on behalf of Sigma Tax Pro. The research explored attitudes toward taxes, tax refunds, financial stress, filing confidence, AI-assisted tax preparation, and reporting income from side hustles and multiple income streams.

 

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Best and worst U.S. cities for self-employed earners on $100K based on tax, living costs & life factors in 2026

Self-employment in the United States is rising rapidly, with full-time self-employment reaching record levels in recent years. As more Americans work independently, location can play a major role in determining how far their income goes. Unlike traditional employees, self-employed professionals must cover the full cost of taxes, retirement savings, and health insurance without employer contributions.

New data from Investopedia (February 2026) found that the typical American freelancer now earns just shy of six figures, at $99,230 per year on average. Using this benchmark as a contemporary snapshot of self-employed earnings, Sigma Tax Pro has conducted a new ranking to reveal the best and worst U.S. cities for self-employed professionals earning $100,000, based on 14 factors across taxes, living costs, and lifestyle categories.

To identify where a $100,000 income stretches the furthest, Sigma Tax Pro analyzed 100 of the largest U.S. cities by population, examining estimated monthly federal, state, and local tax liabilities for a self-employed professional alongside core living costs such as rent, utilities, internet, mobile plans, and gym memberships.

Cities were then compared and ranked based on overall affordability, work infrastructure, and quality-of-life factors to determine the best and worst U.S. cities for self-employed earners making $100,000 annually.

The 20 best U.S. cities to live and work for $100K self-employed earners

Texas dominates the ranking, with 14 cities placing in the top ten, highlighting the advantage of lower living costs and the absence of state personal income tax. Florida residents also benefit from no state personal income, helping earn three of its cities a spot in the top 20. 

Both states, Florida and Texas, earn first spot in the Income Taxes Rank due to this very reason, alongside states such as Tennessee, Wyoming, and Nevada, which, among others, have less income tax implication, increasing take-home for self-employed earners.  

Overall Ranking City Overall Score Cost of Living Rank Income Taxes Rank* Working Factors Rank Living Factors Rank
1 Laredo. TX 86.56 7 1 59 9
2 Lubbock. TX 83.18 5 1 44 38
3 Plano. TX 82.74 19 1 23 15
4 El Paso. TX 82.66 3 1 49 48
5 Port St. Lucie, FL 81.82 36 1 46 6
6 Frisco. TX 80.97 53 1 37 2
7 Arlington. TX 79.67 34 1 41 18
8 Garland. TX 79.62 62 1 42 5
9 Corpus Christi. TX 79.17 4 1 61 86
10 Irving. TX 79.15 28 1 40 24
11 Glendale, AZ 78.91 16 31 77 1
12 Jacksonville, FL 78.48 37 1 14 29
13 McKinney. TX 78.36 54 1 53 11
14 Houston. TX 77.43 43 1 3 54
15 San Antonio. TX 76.45 31 1 12 66
16 St. Petersburg, FL 75.36 69 1 25 17
17 Fort Worth. TX 75.36 47 1 22 41
18 Dallas. TX 74.86 63 1 4 46
19 Henderson, NV 73.96 33 1 58 79
20 Fort Wayne, IN 73.49 6 38 76 34

*Multiple cities rank 1st for the Income Taxes Rank because they have identical tax implications, resulting in the same income tax deductions for earners.

Laredo, TX

Laredo ranks as the best city for self-employed earners making $100,000, thanks to its low cost of living and supportive working conditions. Affordable housing and everyday expenses help independent professionals keep more of their income compared with many larger U.S. cities.

The city also benefits from strong internet connectivity and relatively low crime rates, helping it perform well for living factors and making Laredo an attractive option for independent professionals looking to balance affordability with quality of life.

Lubbock, TX

Lubbock is the second-best city for self-employed earners making $100,000, with the city’s residents known for being youthful, hardworking, and friendly. While the city is remote, it benefits from a warm, sunny climate and a bustling bar and restaurant scene according to users on the popular /howislivingthere subreddit. 

Plano, TX

As the third best city in the ranking, Plano is a strong option for self-employed professionals, scoring well across several categories, particularly living factors. While living costs are slightly higher than in some other cities in the study, low crime rates, strong availability of coworking spaces, and fast internet speeds help make Plano an attractive choice for independent workers.

The 20 worst U.S. cities to live and work for $100K self-employed earners

At the other end of the ranking are cities where high taxes and living costs significantly reduce take-home income.

Overall Ranking City Overall Score Cost of Living Rank Income Taxes Rank Working Factors Rank Living Factors Rank
100 New York, NY 17.92 100 99 1 47
99 Portland, OR 38.82 78 100 60 65
98 Boston, MA 40.74 99 78 13 42
97 Jersey City, NJ 42.54 97 41 21 85
96 San Francisco, CA 42.61 98 54 11 28
95 San Jose, CA 45.22 96 54 35 19
94 Washington, DC 45.94 92 83 19 43
93 Honolulu, Hi 46.05 89 95 98 7
92 Baltimore, MD 47.58 66 98 17 60
91 Minneapolis, MN 47.87 51 87 95 96
90 Philadelphia, PA 48.13 68 97 30 64
89 San DiegoCA 48.25 95 54 9 13
88 Chicago, IL 50.54 86 76 6 82
87 Detroit, MI 50.89 24 96 80 93
86 Cleveland, OH 51.69 45 90 85 75
85 Irvine, CA 51.86 93 54 20 8
84 Arlington, VA 52.76 87 54 27 30
83 Denver, CO 53.69 77 43 7 94
82 Riverside, CA 54.51 82 54 52 49
81 Los Angeles, CA 54.55 91 54 2 20

New York, NY

New York ranks last overall in the study, largely due to its extremely high living costs. While the city performs strongly for working factors thanks to the wide availability of coworking spaces and fast internet speeds, its overall affordability significantly lowers its position in the ranking. 

With only average scores across living factors, the high cost of everyday expenses leaves ‘The City That Never Sleeps’ trailing behind other major U.S. cities for self-employed earners.

Portland, OR

Portland ranks second-to-last overall, recording the highest tax burden of any city analyzed. While everyday living costs in Portland are lower than some other major cities in the study, these higher state and local taxes mean a bigger share of earners’ $100,000 incomes go straight to the tax bill, ultimately dragging Portland down the standings. 

Boston, MA

Boston ranks third from last in the study. The city’s high cost of living plays a major role in its lower placement, with housing and everyday expenses putting pressure on workers’ $100,000 incomes. 

However, Boston performs strongly in the working factors category, reflecting its reputation as a global hub for industries such as biotech, finance, and higher education.

“Self-employed professionals face a far more complex tax picture than traditional employees,” said Ian Gardner, Director at Sigma Tax Pro. “Between self-employment taxes, state and local obligations, and rising living costs, small decisions can have a big impact. Knowledgeable tax preparers can help independent earners navigate those challenges, maximize legitimate deductions, and ensure they keep more of what they earn year after year.”

Methodology & Sources 

To rank cities for their overall attractiveness for self-employed professionals, Sigma Tax Pro analyzed the 100 most populated cities in the United States using a standardized $100,000 annual income scenario.

Each city was evaluated against 14 metrics across four categories: cost of living, tax factors, working factors, and living factors. The metrics were normalized to a 0–100 scale, and category scores were weighted and combined to produce the final overall score. Cities with insufficient data across key metrics were excluded from the final ranking.

The four weighted categories included: 

  • Cost of Living (40%) –
    Includes city-center rent (one-bedroom), utilities, public transportation, mobile phone plan, broadband internet and fitness membership. 

  • Tax Factors (40%) – Includes estimated Federal Income Tax, Self-Employment Tax (Social Security and Medicare), State Income Tax, and Local or City Income Taxes. 

  • Working Factors (15%) – Measures the ease of working remotely, including average broadband download speed and availability of coworking spaces. 

  • Living Factors (15%) – Includes quality-of-life indicators such as Healthcare Quality Index, annual crime rates per 100,000 residents and Climate Comfort Index.

Sources: Data was compiled from publicly available sources in February 2026, including: World Population Review, Numbeo, Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Tax Foundation, HighSpeedInternet.com, Coworking Mag, FBI Crime Data Explorer. 

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Professional Tax Articles

The Complete Guide To Bank Products For Tax Preparers

Bank products can be the difference between a “good season” and a “record season” because they remove the biggest friction point for many taxpayers: paying your fee upfront. 

When you understand how bank products work (and how to price, disclose, and deliver them correctly), you can expand your client base, improve cash flow, and streamline fee collection, without adding chaos to your workflow.

That understanding matters even more now that the federal government is moving away from paper checks. The Treasury has announced that it will stop issuing paper checks for most federal payments after September 30, 2025, and the IRS has published guidance on phasing out paper tax refund checks for individual taxpayers.

In this new environment, knowing how to offer and manage bank products effectively is no longer a competitive advantage but a baseline requirement. This guide breaks down what bank products are, the benefits and tradeoffs, how fees work, when to offer them, which clients tend to choose them, and how to implement them without creating mid-season headaches.

What Are Bank Products For Tax Preparers?

Bank products are refund-related financial services that let your clients pay your preparation fees from their refund and, in some cases, access funds earlier through a short-term loan. 

In a typical setup, the refund is routed to a refund settlement bank, fees are deducted as authorized, and the remaining refund is disbursed to the taxpayer.

Think of bank products as a structured way to handle two things at once: collecting your fee from the refund and delivering the client’s net refund through approved methods.

Why Bank Products Matter In An Electronic-Only World

The shift away from paper checks puts pressure on “refund delivery” in a way many offices did not feel a few years ago. Clients still want simple options, and your office gets pulled into the “how will I receive my money?” conversation, whether you want to be or not.

There is a real service gap for clients who don’t use traditional banking. In the 2023 FDIC National survey, 4.2% of U.S. households were unbanked, and 14.2% were underbanked. 

That’s a meaningful share of taxpayers who may not have a standard checking account relationship, or who rely heavily on nonbank alternatives.

Types Of Bank Products For Tax Preparers

Most professional tax bank products fall into a few predictable categories. Start with the foundational option (refund transfers) and add additional products only when your workflow can support them. 

The best mix depends on your client base, pricing model, risk tolerance, and the competitiveness of your local market.

Refund Transfers

A refund transfer (often marketed as “pay-by-refund”) lets the taxpayer pay your preparation fee from their refund rather than out-of-pocket. It’s typically the foundational bank product because it directly solves fee friction.

Conceptually, a refund transfer is a fee collection and disbursement service. The settlement bank receives the refund, deducts authorized fees (including your prep fee and any bank product fees), pays you, and then disburses the remaining funds to the client.

Why refund transfers are the core product:

  • You reduce unpaid balances because fees are collected as part of the refund flow.
  • You can serve clients who would otherwise walk due to the upfront payment barrier.
  • Your staff spends less time on collections and more time on preparation.

How it’s positioned to taxpayers:

  • “No upfront payment for prep fees”.
  • “Fees deducted from refund”.
  • “Choose how you receive the rest (direct deposit, check, prepaid card)”.

Common fee structure: the taxpayer pays a refund transfer fee (varies by provider), and there may be an additional fee for a second deposit (for example, adding a state refund disbursement).

Refund Advances

Refund advances (refund anticipation loans) are short-term loans made against a taxpayer’s expected refund. The loan is repaid when the refund is received, and IRS approval is subject to underwriting and eligibility requirements.

Many advance programs start as early as January 2 (season-dependent) and may run into mid-March or mid-April, depending on the lender and product.

Advances can be offered up to a portion of the expected refund (net of fees), and costs vary. Some programs market 0% APR for certain tiers, while others include fees and/or APR on larger advances, so your office should always disclose the exact terms for the program you’re offering.

Key realities to communicate clearly:

  • This is a loan, not the refund itself.
  • Approval is never guaranteed.
  • A refund advance does not make the IRS process the return faster.

By offering a taxpayer advance early in the season, your tax office is able to remain competitive against the big box competition. You can provide valuable cash to customers when they need it most – Ian Gardner, Sales and Business Development Director, Sigma Tax Pro

Pre-Ack Vs Post-Ack Loans

These are both types of refund advances, and are used by banks structure advances around IRS acknowledgment timing:

  • Pre-ack loans: decisioning can start before IRS acknowledgment, but funding often depends on program rules and controls.
  • Post-ack loans: the bank typically waits until the IRS acknowledges/accepts the e-filed return before funding.

This matters because “how fast” you can deliver is one of the main marketing angles, so you want your office scripts, signage, and expectations aligned to the program’s actual funding trigger.

Prepaid Cards, Checks, And Other Disbursement Options

Once the bank deducts authorized fees, the client’s remaining refund can usually be disbursed via:

  • Direct deposit
  • Printed check
  • Prepaid debit card
  • Sometimes “faster” deposit options tied to specific rails and eligibility

Direct deposit is generally the fastest “standard” method when paired with e-file. The IRS states that most refunds are issued in less than 21 days for e-file with direct deposit, and they explicitly advise taxpayers not to rely on a specific refund date.

ERO Advances And Office Funding

Not every “bank product” is taxpayer-facing. Many providers offer ERO funding (pre-season or in-season advances) designed to help your office manage cash flow for software, rent, staffing, marketing, and growth.

Common structures include:

  • Pre-season office loans: (often based on prior-year volume).
  • In-season ERO advances: tied to funded returns or fee withholding.
  • Software purchase assistance: programs that front software costs and repay via season fee flow.

These can be powerful, but you should treat them like any business financing decision (cost of capital, repayment mechanics, and operational constraints).

Benefits Of Bank Products For Tax Preparers

Bank products can boost revenue and operational stability because they increase conversions and reduce collections work. They can also improve the client experience when presented clearly and handled consistently.

Benefits At A Glance

Here’s a breakdown of the benefits for your office and the taxpayer:

Benefit TypeFor Tax PreparersFor Taxpayers
AccessServe clients who can’t or won’t pay upfrontGet professional prep without upfront fees
Cash FlowFaster, more reliable fee collectionMore payment flexibility
EfficiencyFewer payment follow-ups and A/R tasksSimpler “one transaction” experience
Competitive EdgeAdvertise “no upfront fees” and refund optionsMore choices for disbursement
Speed OptionsOffer refund advances where appropriatePotential earlier access to funds (loan-based)

Measurable Outcomes Tax Offices Care About

Bank products can improve the numbers that matter most to a tax office, such as conversion rate, cash flow consistency, and time spent on collections. The biggest gains are usually seen in the following:

  • Higher conversion during peak weeks: when clients are shopping multiple offices, “no upfront fees” is a straightforward differentiator that gets you ahead of the competition.
  • Improved fee-collection mechanics: refund transfers automate fee collection by design, reducing time spent on follow-ups and leading to fewer awkward payment conversations.
  • Disbursement flexibility: clients may prefer prepaid cards or checks depending on their banking situation.
  • Bigger addressable market: the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) has reported that millions of taxpayers use refund-related financial products, and usage patterns often skew toward taxpayers who value speed and flexibility. That audience overlaps heavily with the “can’t pay upfront” segment many independent offices want to serve.

Compete With Large Tax Franchises And DIY Options

Offering advances can cost the office owner more because some programs include additional fees, operational steps, and support overhead. 

The tradeoff is competitiveness with large tax franchises, like Jackson Hewitt and Liberty Tax, that heavily market refund-advance timing and “get money early” messaging, which shape client expectations in your market.

Even DIY platforms compete on refund speed with features like early refund delivery and refund advance offers. If you don’t offer comparable options, you may lose price-sensitive and speed-driven clients before you ever get to your value story.

Benefits For Taxpayers

For taxpayers, bank products mainly create more flexible ways to pay your prep fee and receive their refund. The most common client-facing benefits include:

  • More payment flexibility: they can pay your fee from the refund, which makes professional prep accessible to more taxpayers.
  • More delivery flexibility: they can choose from supported disbursement options, which matters when they don’t want paper checks or don’t use standard banking.
  • Earlier access when eligible: refund advances can provide funds earlier for approved clients, but they must be presented as a loan with terms and eligibility requirements.

Considerations When Deciding If Bank Products Are Right For You

Bank products are usually worth it if you want to reduce fee friction and offer more refund delivery flexibility, but they work best when your office has consistent intake, clear fee disclosures, and a plan for exceptions. 

If you don’t have those pieces, bank products can lead to increased support issues and client confusion.

Your Operational Readiness

Bank products are easiest when your team can follow a repeatable process: present options, review fees, capture consents, and track status. If your office struggles with documentation, identity verification, or consistent scripting, start with refund transfers before adding advances.

Your Risk And Support Tolerance

Refund-related products can attract fraud attempts, and delays, rejections, or offsets can trigger complaints if expectations are poorly set. The OCC’s risk management guidance for banks offering tax refund-related products is a good reminder of the broader risks associated with these programs.

What Are The Fees Associated With Bank Products?

Bank products can include multiple fee layers, and your profitability depends on explaining them clearly and choosing the right structure for your client base. The cleanest approach is to review fees in plain English before the client selects a bank product.

Common Fee Categories

Here’s a simple breakdown you can adapt to your office:

Fee TypeWho Charges ItWhat It CoversWho Typically Pays
Tax Preparation FeeYour officeYour serviceTaxpayer (upfront or from refund)
Refund Transfer FeeSettlement bank/providerPay-by-refund and disbursement handlingTaxpayer (from refund)
Software/Technology FeeSoftware provider (varies)Tech platform access for bank productsOften taxpayer (from refund)
Transmission/Processing FeeSoftware/provider (varies)Processing/transmission-related chargesOften taxpayer (from refund)
Add-On Delivery FeesProvider/bank (varies)Extra disbursement, card, “faster funds” optionsOften taxpayer (at the end of the season/return)
Refund Advance Loan CostsBank/providerLoan fee and/or APR (program-dependent)Taxpayer; sometimes office has program fees

Fee Transparency: The Shortcut To Fewer Complaints

Refund-related products can carry multiple fee layers: bank fees, technology fees, transmitter fees, and your prep fees. Clients care about “how much do I get net” more than fee category names. 

Your goal is to show the net refund after fees and clearly explain that a refund advance is a loan that does not speed up the IRS’s processing of the refund. 

Different providers and software platforms structure these differently, so your best protection is a consistent disclosure workflow and a “fees-first” conversation when a client chooses a bank product.

Sigma Expert Quote Placeholder: By explaining the fees clearly to your customer, they can better understand that you, as their tax preparer, are not the one receiving those fees. This transparency helps to build trust and understanding. Many times, tax professionals don’t describe these fees clearly, which leads the customer to believe they are being overcharged, and not paying the fees they originally agreed to. – Ian Gardner, Sales and Business Development Director, Sigma Tax Pro

When Should I Offer Bank Products To My Clients?

Offer bank products early enough to reduce price friction, but late enough that you can explain fees accurately. The best timing is usually a two-touch approach.

Touch One: First Contact Or Appointment Scheduling

Mention bank products as an option when the client is shopping. Keep it simple: “We offer pay-by-refund, and in some cases, refund advances are available if approved.”

This helps you compete without overselling speed. The IRS is clear that e-filing and direct deposit are the fastest standard option, and 90% of refunds are issued in less than 21 days in typical circumstances.

Touch Two: Fee Discussion And Signature

Confirm the selection when you review pricing and before e-file. This is where you show the client the fee summary, their disbursement choice, and the “net to client” estimate.

If the client asks about timing, anchor expectations to IRS guidance on why it may take longer than 21 days for some taxpayers (not marketing language). 

Which Of My Clients May Be Interested In Bank Products?

Clients typically choose bank products for one of two reasons: they can’t (or don’t want to) pay your fee upfront, or they want more flexibility in how and when they receive funds.

Clients Who Often Want Refund Transfers

  • Clients who ask, “Do I have to pay today?” may be living paycheck to paycheck and don’t have the savings to pay upfront to file their taxes.
  • Clients who prefer the convenience and are more comfortable paying your fee from the refund instead of out-of-pocket.
  • Clients who prefer a single, bundled flow (prep fee + disbursement handling).

Clients Who Often Ask About Refund Advances

  • Clients who need funds quickly for time-sensitive expenses.
  • Clients influenced by big-box marketing and “get funds early” messaging.
  • Clients with sufficient expected refunds where the net benefit still makes sense after fees.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau advocates keeping the compliance line clear. A refund advance is a loan, and it does not mean the IRS issues the refund sooner.

Clients Who Benefit From Flexible Electronic Delivery

As paper checks are phased out for most federal payments, clients without traditional banking can face real friction. FDIC data shows that millions of households are unbanked or underbanked, which is why prepaid or alternative electronic delivery options (where supported) are more important than ever.

How Do Tax Preparer Bank Products Work?

Bank products work by routing a client’s refund to a settlement bank first, deducting authorized fees (including your prep fee), then disbursing the remaining refund to the taxpayer. When advances are involved, the bank funds an approved short-term loan and is repaid when the refund arrives.

Step One: Choose A Bank Provider And Enroll Your Office

Most providers require an application and approval process before you can offer bank products. If you e-file returns, you also need the appropriate IRS e-file credentials (including an Electronic Filing Identification Number (EFIN) for the firm). The IRS provides a guide for tax offices that want to become an authorized e-file provider.

Step Two: Configure Bank Products Inside Your Tax Software

This typically includes:

  • Selecting the bank provider
  • Setting default fee structures (and guardrails)
  • Confirming disbursement options (DD/check/prepaid)
  • Enabling required disclosures and e-signature flows

Step Three: Present Options During Consultation (Without Selling Too Hard)

Offer bank products as a payment/disbursement option, not a “must-have upgrade.”

A simple script:

  • “You can pay today by card/ACH, or you can choose pay-by-refund with a refund transfer.”
  • “If you want funds early, you may be eligible for a refund advance loan. It’s optional, approval-based, and terms vary.”

Step Four: Complete Return, Run Eligibility Checks, And Collect Consents

If the client selects a bank product:

  • Confirm identity and intake accuracy (bank products are a fraud target)
  • Present the fee summary clearly
  • Obtain required consents (including any data-sharing permissions required by your process)

Step Five: E-File The Return With Bank Product Information

The return includes instructions for routing the refund to the settlement bank (not directly to the taxpayer).

Step Six: Monitor Status And Resolve Exceptions Fast

Clients can check refund status using the IRS Where’s My Refund? tool. The IRS says a refund status usually appears within 24 hours after e-filing a current-year return (and longer for paper filing).

Common exceptions include:

  • IRS delays or review holds
  • Refund offsets for debts (child support, government debts, or other prior tax liabilities)
  • Rejected returns needing correction
  • Mismatched disbursement details

For offsets, IRS Topic 203 explains the Treasury Offset Program (TOP), including why refunds may be reduced and how taxpayers can follow up. Clients who need the official Treasury explanation can find it at the Bureau of the Fiscal Service, which provides TOP and tax refund offset guidance and public FAQs.

Step Seven: Funding, Fee Split, And Disbursement

When the refund arrives:

  • The bank deducts authorized fees (your prep fee + product fees)
  • Your fee is paid to you
  • The remainder is sent to the taxpayer by their selected method

Major Bank Product Providers

Bank product providers differ most in (one) how broad their product lineup is, (two) how “hands-on” their portals and workflows feel for your staff, and (three) which types of offices they’re best suited for (new offices vs high-volume firms). 

Below is a short summary of each provider, followed by a clearer comparison table of offerings and information to help you choose which provider best suits your office’s needs.

PayDash

PayDash provides bank product solutions designed to help tax offices grow by making “pay-by-refund” simple and easy to deliver. It’s a strong fit for tax pros who want a straightforward refund transfer setup with a client experience built around convenience and support.

For many tax offices, the biggest benefit is immediate, as there’s no need to pay your prep fees upfront. Instead, fees are deducted from the taxpayer’s refund and then deposited into your office once the refund is funded.

TPG (Santa Barbara Tax Products Group)

TPG is a well-known, full-suite provider with a broad lineup across refund transfers, taxpayer advances, pre-season funding, in-season funding, and prepaid card programs. If you want one provider that can cover both client-facing products and office funding, TPG tends to fit that “all-in-one” preference. Common product names include PreSeason Funds, Simply Paid, Fast Cash Advance, and GreenDot Cards.

EPS Financial

EPS offers a broad set of bank products with multiple program tracks, including refund transfers (with different RT program structures), taxpayer advances, and office funding options. EPS is often a good fit for offices that want flexibility in how they structure refund transfers and disbursement experiences. Common product names include E-Collect, E-Advance, Start Up Advance, Fee Assist/Fee Advance, and Taxpayer Advance Loan.

Refund Advantage

Refund Advantage provides a similar “full menu” approach for tax offices, covering refund transfers, taxpayer advances, and office funding programs. It’s typically positioned for offices that want a modern portal experience and standardized program options across the season. Common product names include Start Up Advance, Fee Assist/Fee Advance, and Taxpayer Advance Loan.

Republic Bank Tax Refund Solutions

Republic Bank is a major name in the bank product ecosystem and is notable for having both pre-season and in-season ERO funding programs, plus taxpayer advances. It can be a strong option for offices that want a dedicated “office funding” track in addition to the standard pay-by-refund workflow. Common product names include PreRAP, RAP, and Easy Advance (“EA” Plus).

Bank Product Offerings Comparison

Here’s a simple breakdown of the providers and the products they offer:

ProviderMain Advantage(s)Refund TransfersTaxpayer AdvancesPre-Season ERO LoansIn-Season ERO LoansDebit/Prepaid CardsAfter-Season Unfunded Fee Collection
PayDash

Affordable option

Efficient and reliable option

Refund Transfer specialists

     
TPG (SBTPG)

Broad product coverage

Dedicated prepaid card program

(Fast Cash Advance)

(PreSeason Funds)

(Simply Paid)

(GreenDot Cards)

(Auto-Collect)

EPS

Full suite option

(E-Collect / E-Advance)

(Taxpayer Advance Loan)

(Start Up Advance)

(Fee Assist/Fee Advance)

(Visa Cards)

(e-Assist)

Refund Advantage

Full suite option

(Taxpayer Advance Loan)

(Start Up Advance)

(Fee Assist/Fee Advance)

(Visa Cards)

(Fee Defender)

Republic Bank

Strong office funding options

(Easy Advance “EA” Plus)

(PreRAP)

(RAP)

(NetSpend Cards)

 

What To Compare When Choosing A Provider

Choosing a bank product provider is less about brand name and more about fit for your office workflow and client base. Focus on the factors that affect day-to-day operations and the client experience:

  • Refund transfer pricing and second-disbursement fees: affect your client’s net refund and your positioning.
  • Advance structure and eligibility logic: some programs emphasize “no-cost” smaller tiers, then apply APR on higher tiers.
  • Disbursement experience: clients receive prepaid cards? Can you print checks in-office? Is direct deposit fast and reliable?
  • Rebates and revenue share: some providers publish potential revenue share structures for EROs.
  • Support tooling: taxpayer portals, status tracking, and operational dashboards matter more than most offices expect.

The biggest issues clients face when switching bank product providers are transferring their existing volume, not qualifying for programs, and learning the new system. If you have an existing bank product volume with one bank, you are able to export that data and provide it to the new bank, which can help you qualify for all the same programs you earned at the previous provider. Learning to navigate the new system is also important, so you are able to run accurate and detailed reports about your customers, to stay ahead of any issues before they happen. – Patrick Seymour, Business Development Executive, Sigma Tax Pro

How To Choose Your Bank Product Provider

The table below makes it simpler to decide which provider to choose for your office’s needs:

Office Goal / SituationBest Fits (Start Here)WhyWatch-Outs / Notes
Keep It Simple (Refund Transfers Only)PayDashCleanest “RT-only” approachLimited product scope means you may need a second provider if you later want advances
One Provider That Covers “Most Things”TPGBroad lineup (RT + advances + office funding + cards + post-season)Still validate season setup and what’s available for your office level
Flexibility In Program Tracks + Full SuiteEPSFull menu plus multiple RT program tracksConstraint: cannot pair EPS + Refund Advantage (both Pathward)
Full Suite With Standardized ProgramsRefund AdvantageRT + advances + office funding + cards + post-seasonConstraint: cannot pair Refund Advantage + EPS
Office Funding Emphasis (Pre/In-Season ERO Loans)Republic BankStrong ERO funding track (PreRAP/RAP) plus advancesNo post-season unfunded fee collection program

Integrating Bank Products With Your Professional Tax Software

Bank product integration should feel like a repeatable workflow inside your professional tax software, not a separate system your team has to “work around.” With Sigma Tax Pro, supported bank products integrate using the same core mechanism, so your staff doesn’t have to learn a completely different process for each provider.

What “Good Integration” Looks Like

Good integration is what turns bank products into a scalable part of your process instead of a seasonal headache. The right setup should result in:

  • Bank application and onboarding support: your software should help you complete enrollment cleanly and track approval steps.
  • Built-in fee and product selection inside the return workflow: you don’t want staff toggling between multiple portals.
  • Clear fee disclosure outputs: ideally, you can print or e-deliver a clean fee summary that clients can understand in under 30 seconds.
  • Status visibility: should be able to see acknowledgments, funding updates, and exceptions without chasing support.

Don’t Skip The Compliance And Data Protection Layer

Bank products inherently touch sensitive taxpayer data. Make sure your internal process includes:

  • Tight access controls for bank product screens
  • Secure storage/handling of taxpayer documents
  • Consent-driven disclosures and marketing practices

The IRS signposts tax professionals to Publication 4557 for safeguarding recommendations, and the FTC’s Safeguards Rule that requires covered firms to maintain an information security program (and, in practice, many firms implement a Written Information Security Plan).

The FTC has emphasized the importance of not misusing taxpayer data for unrelated purposes without consent, which is a useful reminder for any office using add-on products and cross-sells.

How Bank Product Integration Works In Sigma Tax Pro

Sigma Tax Pro integrates bank products through a consistent setup flow. All three of Sigma Tax Pro’s Professional Tax Software seamlessly integrate your chosen bank products. Any questions about software and its structures can be answered by a Sigma Tax Pro expert.

Once your office chooses the bank product providers and programs you want to offer, the next steps are straightforward:

  • You send Sigma Tax Pro the required paperwork.
  • Sigma Tax Pro registers the bank(s) and completes the integration within the software.
  • Sigma Tax Pro sends you a confirmation email once setup is complete.
  • You complete a short, easy compliance exam, then you’re ready to start offering bank products.

This approach keeps the operational side simple; your office focuses on client intake and return preparation, while Sigma Tax Pro handles the setup work that connects your software to the bank product provider.

Sigma Tax Pro takes a comprehensive approach to onboarding and getting tax offices set up. They handle the collection of paperwork, software and bank registration, installation of software, any networking needed in the office, as well as any issues that come up throughout the season. This positions Sigma Tax Pro as a one-stop-shop to allow tax professionals to focus on their clients, and growing their business. – Patrick Seymour, Business Development Executive, Sigma Tax Pro

Using More Than One Bank Provider

Many offices want flexibility as different programs appeal to different client segments. Sigma Tax Pro supports up to three banks at a time, giving you the flexibility to tailor your offering without locking your practice into a single provider.

There are a couple of important compatibility rules:

  • PayDash only works with 1040-TW.
  • Your three-bank setup can’t include two Pathward-backed providers at the same time, which means you can’t run EPS and Refund Advantage together.

If you’re unsure which combination makes the most sense for your office, the best path is to choose your top priorities (refund transfers only, advances, office funding, cards) and let Sigma Tax Pro guide you to a compatible configuration.

Getting Started With Bank Products

If you’re ready to offer bank products this season, use this checklist to get live quickly and safely.

Step One: Decide Which Client Segment You’re Serving

Start with one clear target:

  • Clients who can’t pay upfront
  • Clients who want the fastest possible access
  • Clients who need flexible disbursement methods

This helps you choose the right mix of refund transfer and advance options without overwhelming staff.

Step Two: Choose A Provider Based On Fit, Not Hype

Compare:

  • Published taxpayer fees
  • Advance tiers and APR/fee disclosures
  • Disbursement options
  • Support, portals, and reporting
  • Any ERO funding you actually need (and can repay comfortably)

Step Three: Build A Simple “Bank Products Script” For Your Office

Keep it short:

  • Option A: pay today (card/ACH/cash)
  • Option B: pay-by-refund (refund transfer)
  • Option C: optional advance (loan; approval-based)

Step Four: Install Guardrails

Examples:

  • Minimum net refund threshold for recommending refund transfers
  • Clear rules for when you offer advances
  • A mandatory fee review line-item (bank fee + tech/transmitter fee + your prep fee)

Have a one-page playbook for:

  • Delays beyond 21 days (IRS review, errors, identity verification)
  • Offsets and reduced refunds (TOP/IRS guidance)
  • Rejections and quick fixes

Bank products are one of the most effective ways to grow a tax practice because they remove payment friction, improve fee collection, and give clients more flexibility, especially when integrated cleanly into your workflow.

If you want an all-in-one setup built specifically for tax pros, explore professional tax software with bank products from Sigma Tax Pro.

Common Questions About Bank Products

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Professional Tax Articles

Benefits Of Cloud-Based Tax Software For Tax Preparers

Automation has transformed the tax preparation process. In the past, tax preparation required desktop-based software that had to be updated each year. Preparers manually inputted data from paper documents, and workflows were difficult to manage.

Not any more. Successful businesses, including tax preparation firms, have shifted to cloud-based software. The global cloud computing market hit $912.77 billion in 2025, up from $156.4 billion in 2020, reflecting the rapid pace of adoption. 

Cloud-based tax software increases productivity, eliminates many manual tasks, and reduces the risk of errors. This shift has set the stage for a new standard in tax technology.

What Is Cloud-Based Tax Software?

Cloud-based tax preparation software creates a more seamless, efficient workflow for tax preparers.

Desktop software must be installed on individual computers, making updates difficult to manage. Because data is stored locally, firms often face version-control issues and risk losing information if a computer fails.

In contrast, cloud-based tax software is accessed through a browser and stores data on secure, remote servers. Updates are applied automatically, ensuring every preparer works with the latest version without manual maintenance.

As a result, cloud software represents the natural evolution of professional tax preparation technology. Firms that want to remain competitive and scale their operations are increasingly moving their tax workflows to the cloud.

What Are The Benefits Of Cloud-Based Tax Software

Online tax preparation software positions your firm for growth, while you control labor costs and streamline the tax preparation process. Here are some key benefits:

Work From Anywhere With Internet Access

Cloud-based software enables tax preparers to work from home, the office, or a client’s location, all with full access to client documents, tax forms, and research tools.

Life happens: doctor appointments, family obligations, or severe weather can make it difficult for staff to get to the office. Cloud accessibility allows your team to stay productive and responsive despite these disruptions.

Real-Time Collaboration And Multi-User Access

Tax professionals can collaborate in real time using the cloud. If you have senior preparers reviewing the work of junior team members, tax software facilitates the process. Managers can adjust workloads easily because one staff person can pick up where another tax preparer left off. 

If a client drops off physical documents at the office, staff can simply scan and upload them for another preparer to begin work immediately.

Automatic Updates And Maintenance

Tax law changes often occur late in the season, and outdated software can lead to filing errors and amended returns. Cloud-based systems automatically apply updates, ensuring all preparers are working with the latest tax rules and software versions.

Firms no longer need to install tax software on individual computers. When bugs are fixed or features updated, every team member gets the update automatically.

Superior Security And Data Protection

Protecting sensitive client information is a top priority for tax firms, and cloud-based platforms provide significantly stronger security than local systems or paper files.

Data stored in the cloud benefits from enterprise-level protections such as encryption, secure access controls, and continuous monitoring, reducing the risk of loss, theft, or unauthorized access.

Improved Client Experience And Communication

The cloud makes it easier for firms to stay responsive and organized. Most platforms offer a secure client portal where taxpayers can upload documents, receive requests for missing items, and track their return’s progress.

The portal reduces back-and-forth emails and phone calls, improves data accuracy, and creates a more streamlined experience for both clients and staff.

Seamless Scalability During Peak Season

Peak season is often your firm’s best opportunity to add new clients. Tax software frees up your time, so you can invest hours in onboarding new clients and grow your practice.

The availability of a client portal can also serve as a compelling selling point when attracting new clients.

Cost-Effectiveness And Reduced IT Burden

Cloud-based software removes many of the hardware costs related to desktop software. Because servers are hosted off-site, firms save on infrastructure purchases, upgrades, and ongoing server maintenance.

You also avoid the time-consuming process of installing software on individual machines, reducing both IT workload and operational downtime.

Making The Transition To Cloud-Based Tax Software

Moving to any new IT system can require more time and effort than expected. To ensure a smooth transition to cloud-based tax software, develop a clear written plan that outlines responsibilities, timelines, and training needs. As you prepare, consider the following factors:

Current Technology And Workflow Processes

Start by assessing your firm’s current technology and workflow processes. How many computers does your staff use to process returns? Is all the data on each computer backed up on servers in the office? 

Evaluate your current workflows and how tax software will change daily operations. For example, remote work will become far more accessible, version control problems will disappear, and team collaboration should improve.

Pain Points And Bottlenecks

Identify the tasks that cause frustration or slowdowns for your staff. Cloud-based tools often eliminate time-consuming bottlenecks that reduce productivity.

For example, firms that handle numerous personal returns for high-net-worth clients may spend hours manually entering data from investment statements. Cloud-based tax software can scan these statements and automatically identify cost basis, sale price, and proceeds—dramatically reducing manual entry. Staff can then shift their focus from data entry to review and analysis.

Selecting A Vendor

Create a written list of questions for each tax software provider you evaluate. Ask vendors for referrals to current customers who can speak about their experience. A reliable software provider should have no difficulty connecting you with satisfied clients. If they do, consider that a red flag.

Data Migration And Training

Whenever possible, plan your data migration for after tax season. Keep data accessible on your old platform until you verify that everything has transferred correctly. Running the old and new systems in parallel for a short period can reduce risk and help staff build confidence.

Clarify with your vendor how long the migration will take and what level of support is included. Email and chat support are helpful, but during migration, you need real-time, live assistance to address questions quickly.

Remember that an IT implementation is also a change management issue. Explain how the new software will improve your team’s work and outline the support available throughout the transition.

Reduce your staff’s anxiety by implementing a training program with access to webinars and tutorials. Comprehensive training eases the learning curve and helps your team adopt the new system successfully.

The Future Of Tax Preparation Is Cloud-Based

Consumers expect businesses to provide products and services using the latest technology. When clients encounter slow or inefficient processes, they’re more likely to look elsewhere. For tax preparation firms, adopting advanced tax software is no longer optional—it’s essential for remaining competitive.

Cloud-based software supports this expectation by making remote work seamless. Firms can easily hold virtual appointments, discuss tax issues, and securely collect documents through a client portal.

By automating data entry and integrating with financial institutions, tax software reduces or eliminates the need to manually upload investment statements, bank records, and payroll information. This allows your staff to focus on higher-value work such as review, analysis, and client advisory services.

Early tax software adopters can gain a competitive advantage. Training your team on modern tax software frees up valuable time to onboard new clients and expand into tax planning services. When meeting prospective clients, highlight how your firm uses technology to streamline the tax preparation process and deliver a more efficient experience.

Final Thoughts

To succeed in today’s business environment, you need a reliable partner that provides cloud-based solutions for professional tax preparers. Sigma Tax Pro offers tax preparation software, bank products, and best-in-class customer support. 

Use this comparison chart to find the right software for your firm’s needs. With Sigma Tax Pro, you can increase productivity, improve accuracy, and deliver a better client experience.

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Professional Tax Articles

Using Automation To Transform Your Tax Preparation Firm

Tax automation has evolved dramatically in recent years, and software can do far more than simple calculations. AI-powered platforms offer an integrated process that connects client onboarding, document collection, return preparation, and tax filing.

Businesses are gaining a competitive edge by embracing automation. A 2025 McKinsey report estimates that corporations could realize $4.4 trillion in future AI-driven productivity gains.

How Automation Transforms Tax Preparation Workflows

To understand modern tax automation, it helps to explore the process one step at a time. At every stage, automation can streamline work and reduce manual effort.

Data Collection

Automation uses Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to scan and upload receipts and other source documents directly into tax software. This eliminates the need for staff to manually enter line items from W-2s, 1099s, bank statements, and other supporting documents.

Many systems also include a secure client portal for document uploads, allowing taxpayers to upload documents themselves instead of clients emailing attachments or dropping off paperwork. 

Tax Rule Engines

Tax software can auto-populate tax forms based on uploaded documents. When you start work on a tax form, you can simply review and confirm the data has been automatically posted to the return. For example, interest and dividend figures from 1099s may flow directly into Schedule B, and brokerage statements can generate cost basis and gain/loss calculations for Schedule D automatically.

Vendors can also quickly upload tax law changes into cloud-based software, ensuring compliance with current regulations and filing requirements. With AI tools assisting research, preparers move faster through complex interpretation and review.

Workflow Management

Tax firm managers can use real-time dashboards to review the status of each return and assign work. This visibility helps to identify bottlenecks that slow down productivity, which is particularly important during peak season when staff are under pressure to meet deadlines.

In practice, this means managers can track outstanding documents, reassign returns that are stalled, and move work through review stages without relying on spreadsheets, email updates, or manual check-ins.

Integrations And APIs

An Application Programming Interface (API) allows software applications to communicate and share data. Tax software can integrate with accounting software, payroll systems, and banks, allowing information to flow into the return accurately.

For example, payroll data can sync directly into wage fields, bookkeeping systems can push expense categories into Schedule C, and bank feeds can import interest income without manual transcription.

The Business Benefits Of Tax Automation

Business owners need to measure the success of automation, and you’ll recognize benefits throughout the tax preparation process.

Handling More Returns Without Adding Staff

Automation helps you scale your business by reducing the time needed to complete a return. Your staff won’t be spending time plowing through paper files and making manual calculations. 

With digital intake and auto-populated forms, preparers can complete more returns in the same number of hours.

Reducing Errors And Amendment Rates

Tax software scans and uploads documents, reducing the risk of manual input errors. Automated error checks allow your staff to make corrections before returns are filed. 

You’ll submit more accurate returns and reduce the need to file amended returns. Compliance risks are also reduced when you use software.

Improving Client Retention And Satisfaction

Your business reputation is enhanced when you file accurate returns faster and address client concerns quickly. The payoff? You’ll increase client retention and reduce turnover.

Client portals also streamline communication, making document requests and status updates more seamless, improving responsiveness and client experience.

Scaling During Peak Season

Peak season is your best opportunity to add new clients. If a business client is happy with your service, they may transfer their personal return work to your firm. Do you have the capacity to scale? Leverage automation to add new clients during peak season.

Better workflow visibility also makes deadline management and extension tracking easier when volume spikes.

Unlocking Advisory And Planning Revenue

Automation frees up your time, so you can spend more time as a strategic advisor and fewer hours as a tax preparer. Spend more time advising clients on business structure issues and estimating the tax impact of proposed transactions.

Increasing Profitability Per Return

You can move faster with automation, and you’ll increase profitability per return by cutting labor hours and administrative time. When you complete returns faster, you can invoice and collect payments sooner.

Finding and correcting errors, locating documentation, and workflow management take less time with software.

Addressing Common Concerns About Automation

Every new business initiative raises concerns. You need to keep operations running without downtime, and software implementations can be expensive and time-consuming.

Will you quickly recover the upfront software costs through increased productivity? Does the software provide seamless integrations with accounting, payroll, and banking platforms? 

User experience is critical. Your staff must be able to easily navigate the software once they learn the system. The best software solutions are intuitive and come with tutorials, user manuals, and hands-on training to reduce the learning curve.

No tax firm can avoid the occasional tech issue during peak season. Reliable software and responsive support are essential to resolve problems quickly. The software must also provide strong security over client data, including data encryption and role-based access.

Making Automation Work For Your Firm

Create a plan to maximize the benefits of automation. 

Start by assessing the size and complexity of your practice. If you specialize in a particular industry or type of return, verify that the software can support your needs. A tax practice that focuses on partnership returns, for example, must process hundreds of K-1s. Can the software handle that volume?

Next, determine whether automation can help resolve productivity bottlenecks. Identify repetitive tasks and processes that produce errors. For instance, if processing 1099s is a recurring challenge for business clients, will the software streamline that process?

Both your staff and clients need to be prepared for automation. Provide training, user manuals, and videos so your team can learn the system more easily. Also consider how to introduce a client portal and e-signatures in a way that encourages adoption.

Automation is powerful, but your staff and clients need training. Help them see the benefits of changing to a fully automated system so they can transition with confidence.

The Competitive Imperative

Tax preparation firms that fail to adopt automation risk falling behind. Without it, they struggle to increase productivity, reduce errors, and free up staff time. Client satisfaction suffers and the risk of turnover increases.

Set your firm up for success by embracing automation. Although the transition takes time and effort, your team will spend less energy on tedious manual work, especially during peak season. Best of all, automation can boost profitability for your business.

Final Thoughts

Sigma Tax Pro delivers comprehensive tax automation features built specifically for professional tax preparers. You can benefit from automation by using professional tax software for preparers

Use this comparison chart to find the right tax software solution for your business.

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Importance Of A Quality Tax Company Website For Tax Professionals

Your website is the foundation of your brand’s online presence. It’s where prospects form first impressions, evaluate your credibility, and decide whether to work with you. The tax preparation business is competitive, and an attractive, well-performing website can help you gain a competitive advantage.

According to Digital Journal, 75% of users judge a company’s credibility based on its website design and performance, and more than 60% of B2B buyers make purchasing decisions after reviewing a vendor’s digital presence.

The Benefits of Having a Strong Tax Firm Website

A poorly designed website may result in lost business opportunities. Users need to quickly understand what you do and the services you provide. If the website is difficult to navigate, a prospect may leave your site.

A professional, easy-to-use website reinforces your credibility and turns visitors into clients. Beyond appearance, your site’s structure, content, and usability all shape how prospects perceive your business and how effectively you convert them.

The following key benefits highlight why building a quality website is essential for today’s tax professionals:

Staff Recruiting

Every competent job seeker reviews the company website before an interview, and you can make a great impression with an attractive website.

Mobile and Search Visibility

Optimizing for mobile users and search engines helps new clients find you online. Improved SEO and fast-loading pages can lead to more inquiries, more traffic, and better conversion rates.

Builds Trust

Filing taxes can be stressful for clients. Clear navigation and a secure client portal for uploading documents demonstrate that their information is handled safely and professionally.

Showcases Expertise

Displaying your team’s qualifications, years of experience, and areas of specialization demonstrates authority and reassures prospects that they’re working with skilled professionals. A well-organized “About” or “Services” section helps position your firm as knowledgeable and trustworthy.

Client Convenience

Offering simple tools such as contact forms, appointment scheduling, or secure document-upload options makes it easier for clients to connect with your team. Convenient, accessible interactions improve client satisfaction and increase the likelihood of repeat business.

Social Proof

Featuring client testimonials and reviews prominently helps establish credibility and influence potential clients. According to Wisernotify, 72% of customers trust a business more after reading positive reviews, and showcasing them can increase conversions by up to 270%.

When these elements work together, your website becomes more than a digital brochure. It becomes a powerful business asset that strengthens your visibility, credibility, and client relationships.

Things To Consider When Building A Website For Tax Professionals

As you start to visualize an improved website, think about each of these topics: 

Creating A Strong First Impression

Your home page is the first interaction a viewer has with your brand. Use a clean layout that isn’t crowded with text or images so viewers can quickly find key information.

Keep your branding consistent by using the same font types, sizes, and color palette across all pages. Ensure your logo appears in the same location on every page for easy recognition.

An attractive website is easy to navigate. Make sure dropdown menus are simple to find and limit the amount of content on each page to improve navigation.

Modern Design With Fast Loading Pages

Speed and performance must be a priority because fast loading times directly impact conversion rates. We’ve all visited a website that loads slowly and decided to go somewhere else.

Website Design For SEO 

Google regularly crawls to collect information for its search algorithm. A well-structured and optimized site helps you rank higher when prospects search for tax services.

Work with a developer who understands SEO and can set you up for long-term success.

Testing Desktop And Mobile Versions

Website visitors should have a consistent experience across all devices. Dropdown menus, contact buttons, and forms should work seamlessly on both desktop and mobile.

Always check your mobile site to ensure that no information is cut off or difficult to access.

Content To Include On Your Website 

Create a dropdown menu at the top of the home page for the services you offer. 

Include your contact information (phone number and email) in multiple places – ideally in the top right-hand corner of every page and again in the footer.

Add a frequently asked questions (FAQ) section to address common inquiries. This can reduce repetitive calls and emails while improving the client experience.

Trust Signals

Trust is a key factor in retaining clients, especially in professional services. Clients rely on you for complex tax advice, and that relationship requires confidence.

Your website should demonstrate your commitment to professionalism, accuracy, and client care through clear messaging, testimonials, and secure functionality.

Security And Compliance

Tax preparation firms must meet strict data security standards. Use SSL encryption to create secure connections between browsers and servers.

Implement API security to protect your business from data breaches or service disruptions, and limit access to authorized users only.                                                                                                                   

If you serve clients in the European Union (EU), ensure compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which governs the protection of personal data.

Marketing Your Website

Your website is a valuable tool in your marketing strategy. Once it’s live, integrate it into every campaign and communication channel.

Include your website link in emails, newsletters, and referral campaigns. If you run a promotion or client referral program, create a dedicated landing page to capture interest and track results.

The goal is to make your website a central hub for all client engagement.

Final Thoughts

Managing a tax practice is challenging, and you need experts who can provide the best tools and service for your clients. Sigma Tax Pro offers professional tax preparation software with bank products and best-in-class technical and tax prep support. 

Sigma Tax Pro also provides web design for tax professionals. You can get a full website makeover and reduce your hosting costs. If you don’t have an online presence, Sigma Tax Pro can build your tax office its first website and bring your business online. 

Contact Sigma Tax Pro and plan for a more productive tax season.

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How To Help Clients Establish Residency In A Low-Tax State

More clients are seeking ways to reduce their overall tax burden by moving to low-tax states. As a tax preparer, you play a vital role in helping them take the right steps. Establishing residency can be complicated, and even small mistakes may result in audits or unexpected tax bills.

This guide explains how taxpayers can establish residency in a low-tax state, how to document the process correctly, and what tax preparers should know to ensure compliance.

What Is A Low-Tax State?

A low-tax state is generally one with a below-average state income tax rate or no income tax at all. Residents may also benefit from lower sales and property tax liabilities.

To understand what makes a state “low tax,” it helps to review how states differ in income, sales, and property taxes.

State Income Taxes

According to the Tax Foundation, 42 states levy individual income taxes, while nine states have no income tax on residents. Although the rate may depend on the taxpayer’s gross income and filing status.

Those who benefit most from moving to a low-tax state often include:

Sales Taxes And Property Taxes

Most states also impose sales and property taxes, which can greatly affect total tax liability. 45 states collect statewide sales taxes, and thirty-eight states allow additional local sales taxes.

Property taxes are a major source of revenue for local governments. These governments rely heavily on property taxes to fund schools, roads, police departments, and emergency medical services.

Tax structures can vary widely. For example:

  • Tennessee has no income tax but high sales taxes. 
  • Oregon has no sales tax but higher income taxes.
  • Texas does not have an income tax but has relatively high property taxes.

Clients need to consider how all state taxes combined will affect their overall situation.

Identifying Low-Tax and High-Tax States

A WalletHub study analyzed each state’s tax burden, which measures the proportion of total personal income that residents pay toward state and local taxes. 

WalletHub compared the 50 states based on the cost of three types of taxes — property taxes, individual income taxes, and sales and excise taxes — as a share of total personal income in the state.

Low-Tax States

  • Alaska has the lowest overall tax burden.
  • Alabama has the lowest property tax burden.
  • New Hampshire has the lowest sales and excise tax burden.
  • States with no income tax include: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming.

High-Tax States

  • Hawaii has the highest overall tax burden.
  • Vermont has the highest property tax burden.
  • New York has the highest individual income tax burden.
  • California, New York, and Massachusetts have the highest state income tax rates.

The ideal state depends on income type, lifestyle, and long-term goals, which is why a complete evaluation of the total tax structure is always necessary.

The Difference Between Domicile And Domestic Residence For Tax Purposes 

For both income and estate taxes, the distinction of domicile versus residency determines a person’s true tax home. Many states use domicile as the deciding factor for tax purposes.

Domicile Defined

An individual generally has only one domicile, which is the place considered their true home and where the individual intends to return to when away. A domicile is intended to be permanent rather than temporary, and domicile requires residence. 

Domicile is generally established by extrinsic evidence of intent. A change in domicile must be evidenced by a move to another location with the intention to make the new location the place of principal residence. 

The burden of proving change is on the party alleging it (the taxpayer).

Many individuals have more than one residence, but homeowners should work with tax and legal experts to determine one domicile for tax purposes.

Residency Defined

A residence is defined as living in a particular locality and requires mere physical presence. Residence alone does not establish the intent to remain permanently, which is necessary for domicile.

Understanding Residency Requirements

Many states apply the 183-Day Rule to determine residency for tax purposes. A person who spends more than 183 days in a state is generally considered a full-time resident for taxation.

Taxpayers who move from a high-tax to a low-tax state can reduce their tax liability significantly. Accurate record keeping is essential in case the state challenges their claim of residency.

Establishing Domicile In Low-Tax States

Your client’s legal residence is the place where they maintain family, community, and professional ties. An existing domicile remains in effect until a new one is established. This principle is often called the “leave and land” rule, which means a taxpayer must both leave the former domicile and firmly establish a new one. 

As a tax preparer, your role is to help clients demonstrate and document that transition. Encourage clients to maintain consistent records that substantiate their intent and physical presence in the new state.

Documenting Time and Presence

Advise clients to track where they spend their time throughout the year. When multiple homes are maintained, the client should spend more days at the principal home than at any other. The primary residence should be clearly distinguishable, including being more fully furnished and regularly occupied.

Encourage clients to participate in local life. For example, by joining clubs, religious organizations, or community groups within the new domicile state.

Employment and Business Activity

Where applicable, help clients document that their primary work or business activities occur in the new state. If possible, relocating key business operations strengthens their domicile claim.

Financial and Legal Relationships

Recommend that clients establish connections with in-state professionals such as bankers and attorneys. Opening primary bank accounts in the domicile state and updating estate documents, such as wills, to reference the new domicile can further support intent.

Tax Filings and Notifications

Ensure that clients file both state and federal tax returns using the new address and pay any due taxes from accounts tied to the domicile state. Assist them in notifying tax authorities in their former state that they have changed residency to prevent conflicting claims.

Official Records and Declarations

Guide clients to complete a Declaration of Domicile, if applicable in the state, and retain a copy for their records. Confirm that official documents reflect the new address, including vehicle registrations, credit cards, Social Security records, mortgage and lease documents, and voter registration. Obtaining a new driver’s license and registering to vote in the new state are both strong indicators of intent.

Tax Implications Of Establishing A State Domicile

Income Tax

Residents of low-tax states often enjoy little or no income tax liability, which can create substantial savings for high-income individuals and retirees.

Estate Tax

17 states and the District of Columbia impose estate and/or inheritance taxes. If a person is domiciled in one of these states at death, the entire estate may be subject to tax, even if assets are located elsewhere. Moving to a low-tax state may eliminate this obligation.

Tax Incentives

Your clients may be able to take advantage of state tax incentives, particularly if they operate a business. States offer tax incentives for job creation, R&D spending, and employee training. 

Individuals may also qualify for child and dependent care tax credits, and educational tax incentives.

Long-Term Planning and Dual Residency

During the transition period, clients may find themselves connected to both states. This situation is known as dual residency. Both states might attempt to claim tax authority, which can create complications.

Advise clients to maintain detailed records of where and when they spend their time. Reducing ties to the former state will also help to solidify residency in the new one. 

Meeting the 183-day rule in the new state is a good start, but intent and documentation are equally important.

Final Thoughts

Helping clients establish residency in a low-tax state can provide significant long-term tax savings, but the process requires precision and careful documentation. As a tax professional, your role is to guide clients through complex state laws, filing requirements, and residency rules to ensure compliance and avoid costly mistakes.

Sigma Tax Pro supports tax preparers with professional-grade tax software and resources designed to help you deliver accurate, efficient service. From advanced tax preparation software with integrated bank products to ongoing technical support, Sigma Tax Pro is your partner in providing high-quality client outcomes.

If you’re ready to elevate your practice and better serve clients relocating to low-tax states, reach out to Sigma Tax Pro today.

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A Guide To Filling In The 1120 Tax Form

Many tax professionals grow their practices by serving both individual and business clients. Doing so requires a solid understanding of Form 1120, the U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return.

To prepare Form 1120 accurately, you need to understand its purpose, who must file it, the different versions available, and how to report tax-exempt income.

Recent changes introduced by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) significantly affect how Form 1120 is completed. These updates are discussed below.

What Is A 1120 Tax Form?

Domestic corporations use Form 1120 to report their income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits, and to compute the federal income tax liability. Corporations file the return each year. 

Businesses may earn income from sales, dividends, interest, rents, and royalties. Deductions include salaries, taxes, charitable contributions, and advertising. The return may require additional schedules.

What Is The Purpose Of A 1120 Tax Form?

Form 1120 documents these business activities and calculates the company’s tax liability:

  • Gross profit: Gross receipts or sales (net of returns and allowances) less cost of goods sold. 
  • Total income: Other income sources, such as capital gains, are added to gross profit to calculate total income.
  • Deductions: In addition to the deductions mentioned above, the business can deduct pension and profit-sharing contributions. Employee benefit plan costs are also deducted to determine taxable income.
  • Tax due: Taxable income is compared to tax payments and credits to compute the amount owed or the overpayment.

Companies remain compliant with the IRS when they file Form 1120 and all supporting schedules on time.

Who Needs To Complete A 1120 Tax Form?

Several types of entities must complete Form 1120:

Domestic Corporations

Companies can elect to be taxed as corporations using Form 8832. Unless exempt under Section 501, all domestic corporations (including corporations in bankruptcy) must file an income tax return, whether or not they have taxable income. 

Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)

An LLC can file a Form 1120 only if it has filed Form 8832 to elect to be treated as an association taxable as a corporation. 

Corporation Engaged In Farming

A corporation that engages in farming should use Form 1120 to report the income (loss) from such activities. 

Why Are There Different Versions Of The 1120 Tax Form?

The IRS provides different versions of the 1120 tax forms, based on the type of reporting entity. Entities have different rules for reporting income and expenses, and the IRS provides 1120 forms that meet the reporting requirements.

Here are some common examples:

  • Form 1120-S: S Corporations are pass-through entities that pass income, losses, and deductions directly to the shareholder’s return.
  • Form 1120-C: Corporations operating on a cooperative basis file this form to report their income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits.
  • Form 1120-L: Life insurance companies use this form to report income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits.
  • Form 1120-REIT: Corporations, trusts, and associations electing to be treated as Real Estate Investment Trusts file this form.

Confirm the client’s type of business entity each year.

Reporting Tax Exempt Income On 1120 Forms

Both individual taxpayers and business entities report tax-exempt income on their tax returns. Disclosure allows the IRS to confirm if the income is tax-exempt.

For example, corporations file Form 1118 to compute their foreign tax credit for certain taxes paid or accrued to foreign countries or US possessions. 

A foreign tax credit may not be claimed for taxes on income that you exclude from US gross income. As a result, 1120 filers report tax-exempt income on Schedule K.

2025 Tax Year Changes For The 1120 Tax Form

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), passed in July 2025, made significant changes to Form 1120.

Bonus Depreciation

Bonus depreciation allows businesses to write off a large percentage of an eligible asset’s cost in the first year it is placed in service. 

The OBBBA permanently reinstated 100% bonus depreciation, as initially created by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), for qualified property acquired and placed in service after January 19, 2025. 

Research And Experimental (R&E) Expenses 

The OBBBA enacted new Section 174A, which permanently allows taxpayers to fully expense domestic research or experimental (R&E) expenditures paid or incurred in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2024.

While the OBBBA reinstates full expensing for domestic R&E expenditures, foreign R&E expenditures must still be capitalized and amortized over 15 years, consistent with TCJA Section 174. 

Taxpayers with average annual gross receipts of $31 million or less (the Section 448(c) gross receipts test) computed for the first taxable year beginning after Dec. 31, 2024, can elect to retroactively apply Section 174A to domestic R&E expenditures paid or incurred in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2021.

Business Interest Expenses 

The OBBBA made permanent the more generous earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) computation of the business interest expense limitation under Section 163(j), which had previously expired for tax years beginning after 2021.

Qualified Business Stock (QSBS) Exclusion

Effective for stock issued after July 4, 2025, OBBBA introduces these changes:

  • Tiered-Gain Exclusion: A more flexible, tiered system for QSBS acquired after the enactment date. This allows for partial tax benefits at earlier holding periods.
  • Increased Per-Issuer Gain Exclusion Cap: The per-issuer gain exclusion cap is raised from $10 million to $15 million. This increased cap will also be adjusted for inflation starting in 2027.
  • Enhanced Aggregate Gross Assets Threshold: The corporate-level aggregate gross asset threshold for qualifying as a small business is increased from $50 million to $75 million. This threshold will also be adjusted for inflation beginning in 2027.

These changes present a good opportunity to explain the benefits of the tax law with clients.

Filling Out A 1120 Form

Tax clients should have a general understanding of how the 1120 is used to calculate the tax liability.

Income

This section calculates gross profit as receipts or sales (net of returns and allowances) less cost of goods sold. Dividends, interest, rents, and royalties are also reported in the income section.

Deductions

Companies deduct common expenses that many businesses incur, such as wages, rent, taxes, interest, and charitable contributions. This section also includes deductions for pension, profit-sharing, and employee benefit plans.

Tax, Refunds, Credits, And Payments

Taxable income is used to compute the total tax. Tax payments and credits are subtracted from the tax liability to determine the amount owed or the refund due.

Supporting Schedules

Completing the 1120 form requires multiple supporting schedules, and the complexity makes tax preparation more difficult. 

Schedules J, L, and M-1 discussed below are required to complete the 1120 form. If the company has dividend income, Schedule C may be needed. Finally, Schedule K may be necessary if the company owns stock in other businesses.

Here are some frequently needed schedules:

Schedule C: Dividends, Inclusions, And Special Deductions

This schedule calculates deductions for certain types of dividends. 

Dividends are separated into companies that are less than 20% owned by the 1120 filer, and greater than 20% owned. The 1120 return may also separately report certain types of preferred stock.

Schedule J: Tax Computation And Payment

Schedule J is a detailed calculation of the tax liability. The schedule includes tax adjustments, tax credits, and deferred taxes, if applicable.

Schedule M-1 

This report reconciles the income (or loss) per the books to income or loss on the tax return. The taxpayer needs to know the differences between book and tax for the year, such as depreciation differences.

Finally, Schedule L requires a balance sheet for both the prior year and current year.

Final Thoughts

Completing the 1120 form accurately can be a challenge. Preparers may have to work with hundreds of line items on multiple supporting schedules. You need reliable, professional tax preparation software to do the job. 

Sigma Tax Pro has everything you need to make your tax preparation business successful this season. Use this comparison chart to help you decide which software may be best for your tax office.

Sigma Tax Pro offers massive discounts on its tax preparation software through the use of bank products. Use Sigma Tax Pro to work productively this tax season.

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A Guide To Filling In The 1040 Tax Form

Form 1040 clients are likely to be the backbone of your tax preparation business. To work productively, you need a solid process for client communication and record collection. 

Tax rules change frequently, and tax preparers need to stay on top of changes. Here is a guide to completing Form 1040, along with 2025 changes that impact your staff’s work during tax season.

What Is A 1040 Tax Form?

US taxpayers use IRS Form 1040 to file an annual income tax return. Form 1040 is divided into these sections:

  • Filing status
  • Standard deduction (many taxpayers use itemized deductions instead)
  • Dependents
  • Income
  • Tax and credits
  • Payments

Taxpayers may need to complete these additional forms before submitting Form 1040:

Schedule 1: Additional Income And Adjustments To Income

Schedule 1 is used to report additional types of income and adjustments that reduce income. Additional income includes unemployment compensation, prize or award money, or gambling winnings. Common adjustments include the student loan interest deduction, self-employment tax deduction, and educator expenses.

Schedule 2: Additional Taxes

Schedule 2 is filed if a taxpayer owes other taxes, such as:

  • Self-employment tax 
  • Household employment taxes 
  • Additional tax on IRAs or other qualified retirement plans and tax-favored accounts 
  • Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)

If the filer needs to make an excess advance premium tax credit repayment, Schedule 2 is also used.

Schedule 3: Additional Payments And Credits

This form is used to claim credits that were not claimed on Form 1040 or 1040-SR, such as the foreign tax credit, education credits, and general business credit. Schedule 3 is also used for other payments, such as an amount paid with a request for an extension to file or excess social security tax withheld.

What Is The Purpose Of A 1040 Tax Form?

Taxpayers use Form 1040 to report filing status and all sources of income. Income is adjusted based on credits and deductions, and the form is used to calculate the tax liability. At the bottom of Form 1040, the taxpayer reports the tax owed or refund due.

In addition to the forms mentioned above, filers may need to provide other schedules to document the tax liability. Schedule A is required for taking the itemized deduction, and Schedule B reports interest and ordinary dividends.

If your gross income meets the filing threshold (based on your filing status), you must complete Form 1040.

Why Are There Different Versions Of The 1040 Tax Form?

Most taxpayers use Form 1040, but there are two other versions that your tax clients may need:

Form 1040-SR

Form 1040-SR is available as an optional alternative to using Form 1040 for taxpayers who are age 65 or older. Form 1040-SR uses the same schedules and instructions but offers larger print and less complex language.

Form 1040-NR

Form 1040-NR is used if the taxpayer:

  • Was a nonresident alien engaged in a trade or business in the United States
  • Represented a deceased person who would have had to file Form 1040-NR
  • Represented an estate or trust that had to file Form 1040-NR

Consult with clients to determine which form should be used each tax year.

Who Needs To Complete A 1040 Tax Form?

Most US citizens or permanent residents who work in the US must file a tax return. Specifically, you need to file if these situations apply to you. These rules apply to tax year 2024. 2025 guidance is not available yet.

  • Income threshold: If a single filer has gross income of $14,600 or more, the individual must file a return. Married filing jointly taxpayers (assuming both are under 65) must file a Form 1040 if their joint income is $29,200 or more. 
  • Self-employment: You have over $400 in net earnings from self-employment.
  • Other situations: IRS Publication 501 lists other situations that require a taxpayer to file a return.

If a taxpayer qualifies for certain tax credits, the individual may need to file a return.

Reporting Tax Exempt Income On 1040 Forms

Remind taxpayers that these types of tax-exempt income must be reported:

Municipal Bond Interest

Interest on some bonds used to finance government operations and issued by a state, the District of Columbia, or a U.S. territory is reportable but not taxable at the federal level. Municipal bond interest is reported on line 2a of Form 1040.

Social Security Benefits

The portion of benefits that are taxable depends on the taxpayer’s income and filing status. As a result, the income is reported on the tax return.

A taxpayer’s benefits may be taxable if the total of (1) one-half of the benefits, plus (2) all of their other income, including tax-exempt interest, is greater than the base amount for their filing status.

For example, the current base amount is $25,000 for single, head of household, and qualifying surviving spouse filing status.

The taxable portion of Social Security benefits is reported on line 6b of Form 1040.

Retirement Plan Distributions

IRA distributions are reported on line 4a of the 1040, and the taxable amount is posted to line 4b. Pension and annuity distributions are reported on line 5a of the 1040, and the taxable amount is posted to line 5b.  

2025 Tax Year Changes For The 1040 Tax Form

Taxpayers will see several changes to the 2025 Form 1040, including IRS adjustments based on inflation:

Standard Deduction 

For single taxpayers and married individuals filing separately for tax year 2025, the standard deduction rises to $15,750. For married couples filing jointly, the standard deduction rises to $31,500. 

Marginal Tax Rates 

Marginal rates have also been adjusted. To illustrate, here are the new income thresholds at the 22% and 24% rates for single filers:

  • 24% for incomes over $103,350 (vs. $100,526 in 2024).
  • 22% for incomes over $48,475 (vs. $47,151 in 2024).

There are still seven marginal rates in 2025.

Earned Income Tax Credits 

For qualifying taxpayers with three or more qualifying children, the 2025 maximum Earned Income Tax Credit amount is $8,046, an increase from $7,830 for 2024.

Retirement Plan Contribution Limits

Individuals can contribute up to $23,500 into their 401(k) plans in 2025, an increase from $23,000 for 2024. The same rule applies to 403(b) plans, governmental 457 plans, and the federal government’s Thrift Savings Plan.

Tax Deduction for Tips 

OBBBA changed taxation on tip income. Effective for 2025 through 2028, employees and self-employed individuals may deduct qualified tips received in occupations that are listed by the IRS as customarily and regularly receiving tips on or before December 31, 2024. 

The maximum annual deduction is $25,000.

Overtime Wages Deduction

Effective for 2025 through 2028, individuals who receive qualified overtime compensation may deduct the pay that exceeds their regular rate of pay – such as the “half” portion of “time-and-a-half” compensation — that is required by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and that is reported on a Form W-2, Form 1099, or other specified statement furnished to the individual.

This change was also due to OBBBA. The maximum annual deduction is $12,500 ($25,000 for joint filers).

Filling Out A 1040 Form

Use this process to guide your client through the Form 1040 preparation process.

Gather Documents

Emphasize to clients that you need a complete set of tax documents to generate an accurate tax return

Most taxpayers know that they need to provide W-2s, 1099s, and investment statements. Ask questions to determine other necessary documents, and refer to the prior year’s tax return.

Determine Filing Status, Dependents, And Standard Deduction Use

A marriage, a child’s birth, or a spouse’s death may change the taxpayer’s filing status and number of dependents. Check medical deductions and other factors to determine if the filer should use the standard deduction or itemized deduction.

Compute Income

Review Schedule 1 to determine if any of the income categories or income adjustments apply to the taxpayer. Post wages, interest, dividends, retirement distributions, and business income (Schedule C) to determine taxable income.

Tax And Credits

Review Schedule 2 to confirm any additional taxes owed, and check Schedule 3 to determine additional payments and credits. Calculate the total tax liability.

Payments, Refund, Amount Owed

Post tax withholdings and credits to the payment section, and determine if the client has a refund due or an amount owed.

Sign And File The Return

Review the tax return with the client to confirm that you have all the relevant tax data. Have the client sign and date the return, and ensure that the return is filed on time.

Closing Thoughts

Tax preparation software is a key factor for building a successful tax preparation business. You need reliable software that is easy to navigate and updated with the latest tax information.

Sigma Tax Pro offers professional tax software with bank products and best-in-class support. As this comparison chart explains, Sigma Tax Pro offers four of the industry’s leading professional tax software packages. Work with Sigma Tax Pro and have a productive tax season.

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Growing Your Tax Preparation Business Through Referrals

A 2025 study by Demandsage found that 65% of new business opportunities come from referrals and recommendations. More than 90% of consumers trust word-of-mouth referrals more than other forms of marketing.

Yet referrals don’t always happen on their own. That’s why tax professionals need a clear plan – from incentive programs to everyday client conversations – to consistently generate and manage referrals. 

Referral Incentive Programs For Your Tax Preparation Business

What Is A Referral Incentive Program? 

A referral incentive program is a system that rewards your clients for sending referrals. Rather than waiting for referrals to happen, you provide incentives that motivate customers to send them.

For example, Harry’s, a direct-to-consumer grooming brand, used a tiered referral system for early access sign-ups:

  • 5 friends: Free shaving cream
  • 10 friends: Free razor
  • 25 friends: Premium razor
  • 50 friends: One year of free shaving

Within a week, Harry’s gained 100,000 email signups – all before the product even launched. While the incentives were physical products, referral programs for tax preparation can work in similar ways, using gift cards, discounts, or entries into a drawing.

Referrals are particularly effective for tax preparers because clients often view their tax advisor as a trusted source, making personal recommendations highly valuable.

How To Implement A Referral Incentive Program For Your Tax Business

Your customer referral incentive program must be clearly stated. Clients need to understand what types of referrals you want, and the incentives that they will receive. 

Too often, referral incentive plans are confusing for consumers, and people simply don’t participate.

Planning A Referral Incentive Program 

Start by defining the goal of your incentive program. That goal could be a specific number of referrals (50 new 1040 clients), or a revenue amount ($15,000 in new revenue).

If you want referrals to specific types of clients, include that goal in your plan. The type of referral you want may drive the type of client who provides referrals. 

For example, if you want referrals to clients with trusts, you can focus on higher-net-worth clients who know other wealthy individuals with trusts. 

Finally, decide on the incentives. You may offer discounts, gift cards, cash bonuses, or a combination of incentives. Using tiered incentive structures may boost client participation.

Launch Plan

You can maximize client attention by launching the program at the beginning of tax season. Your clients are more likely to open emails and other communications when they’re thinking about their own tax return.

Keep the process simple by minimizing the steps required to receive the incentive. Consider automating the process so that clients only need a few clicks to make a referral.

Marketing Your Referral Incentive Program

Increase your chances of getting referrals by launching the referral program in multiple ways.

You might email clients, add a landing page to your website, and mention the program during client appointments. If you use social media, you can work referral program promotions into your posts.

Train your staff on how to handle incoming calls, texts, and emails regarding referrals. They should be prepared to answer questions and promptly thank clients who provide one.

You can motivate clients by putting a deadline on the referral program. When a client sees that a deadline is approaching, they are more likely to take action.

When you receive a referral, have a system in place to thank the client immediately. Your fast follow-up shows the client how much you value their referral.

How To Get Referrals For Your Tax Business

You can ask for a referral in a variety of ways using email, in-person conversations, and other methods.

Face-to-Face 

A great time to ask for referrals is when a client is happy with your service. When you solve a problem for a client and they thank you in person, it’s a good time to ask for a referral.

Work referrals into each client interaction. Don’t ask for a referral each time, but make sure that the client sees referrals mentioned in an email, newsletter, or marketing flyer.

Email

When you’re emailing updates on tax law or reminders about filing deadlines, you can end the email with a reference to your referral program.

Incentives

Offer a variety of incentives and carefully track how clients respond to each one. 

Use this data to refine and launch future referral programs that are more likely to engage your clients and drive results.

Referral Materials

Testimonials demonstrate how you provide great service and motivate clients to offer referrals. Use at least one testimonial in all the marketing materials you create. 

Encourage clients to post reviews about your business on Google or Yelp. If a client wants to post, provide pre-written messages that they can use. 

What To Avoid When Asking For Referrals

No one likes to be pressured, and asking for referrals at the wrong time (or too often) can damage client relationships. Avoid these common referral program mistakes.

Brand New Clients

You need to build trust and confidence with new clients, so don’t ask for referrals right away.

Wait until you’ve delivered your service and established a positive working relationship.

Asking Too Often

If you ask for referrals too often, a client may think your business is struggling. What you see as tenacity may come across as desperation to the client.

Inappropriate Incentives

Stay away from offering alcohol or other incentives that some clients may judge as inappropriate. 

Use Good Judgment 

Don’t ask for referrals if a customer has recently had a frustrating experience with your business. Check state and local regulations to ensure that your referral plan complies with their guidelines. 

Clearly state referral incentives so clients are clear on what they will receive for each referral. Keep the plan in place for a year, so that your marketing efforts send the correct message and you avoid client confusion.

When you provide a pleasant experience, you’ll receive good participation when launching a new referral campaign.

Building A Referral Network

When you build a referral network, you create a system to drive more revenue to your tax practice each year.

Build Your Ideal Client Profile 

One of the first steps to developing any referral network is to create your ideal client profile. You can also create numerous client profiles, such as businesses in specific industries, gig workers, or high-net-worth clients. 

Developing a well-defined client profile is key to making it easier to focus on growing your referral incentive program. You can also update your client profile over time to better match the evolving needs of your business. 

Discussing your ideal client profile with your referral partners can help increase the success of your referral marketing program.

Keep Your Clients Happy 

Attempting to grow your business through a referral network is next to impossible if you are unable to keep your clients happy with your tax preparation services. On the other hand, happy clients are one of the most effective marketing tools to help you gain new customers. 

You can keep your existing clients happy by meeting their needs, helping them solve their tax problems, and making sure they stay in compliance with applicable tax laws.

Ask Clients For Referrals

Use these different methods to ask for referrals.

Email Follow-up

Assume that you’re sending an email after resolving a client issue and you’ve received positive feedback. You could ask the client if they know of anyone else who is dealing with a similar tax issue.

Client Conversation

You learn during a client conversation that a friend has just moved to town, taken a retirement distribution, or bought a new home. You can offer to help the client’s friend with any tax-related issues.

Similar Industry

Let’s assume that your firm wants to add more home builders and remodelers as clients. If you already work with clients in the industry, mention your plan for adding new clients.

Many of these situations cannot be planned. Be prepared to discuss referrals when the opportunities arise.

Use Referrals In Your Marketing Materials

As discussed above, include testimonials in your marketing materials. You can also discuss your staff’s total years of tax experience and specific areas of expertise.

These messages will reinforce client trust in your business. When the client sees your referral request, they may take action.

Referrals From Other Professionals

You can also grow your business through your professional network. Here are some frequent sources of referrals for tax preparers:

  • Financial advisors: Clients need to know the tax impact of financial planning decisions.
  • Attorneys: Clients may require estate tax returns and trust returns. 
  • Real estate agents and mortgage brokers: Home buyers and borrowers who are refinancing need tax help.
  • Bookkeepers: Clients may request tax help when the bookkeeper closes the books at year-end.

Implement a system to consistently network with these professionals.

Closing Thoughts

Your tax preparation business can reach more new clients using a referral incentive program. Growing your business through a referral network takes time, so stay consistent and don’t expect immediate results.

Sigma Tax Pro provides products and services to grow your tax business. Increase your revenue and leverage your connections within the industry by becoming a tax software reseller.

Scale your tax practice by asking for referrals and partnering with Sigma Tax Pro.

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Preparing For And Dealing With State And Federal Tax Audits

A tax audit is performed to determine the accuracy of federal or state tax returns. An audit notice can cause anxiety for your client and will require time and effort to resolve.

You can minimize the impact of an audit by staying up-to-date on tax law changes, communicating effectively with your client, and gathering supporting documents.

What Is The Difference Between A State And Federal Tax Audit?

Different regulators conduct state and federal tax audits. In addition, state tax authorities may focus on different tax compliance issues than the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).

The IRS conducts audits based on federal law, and the agency may audit federal income tax, payroll tax, gift tax, or estate tax returns.

State tax audits are initiated by the state’s Department of Revenue or another state agency that manages tax collections. States perform audits on state income tax, sales tax, excise tax, and other revenue sources based on state law.

What Triggers A Tax Audit?

Inconsistent reporting can trigger a tax audit at the federal or state level. Here are some examples:

  • W-2s: Federal tax withholding on the personal tax return does not match the amount reported on Form W-2.
  • 1099s: A 1099 on the federal tax return is not included with the state tax return.
  • Sales tax: A business files a sales tax return in 2024 but not in 2025. The company has sales in the state during both years.

Large changes in income or expenses from one year to the next can also trigger an audit. 

The IRS and state taxing authorities share tax data. A federal tax audit may also trigger a state tax audit. If the IRS learns of a state audit, they may start a federal audit.

On the other hand, it’s possible that an input error only affects the federal return and not the state return (or vice versa).

State Audits

Sales tax complexity can lead to mistakes, which can trigger an audit.

Forty-five states currently have state sales tax, and tracking state sales tax rates and rules can be challenging for businesses. For example, the frequency of tax reporting may depend on the dollar amount of sales tax collected, and tax reporting differs by state.

States audit other types of income, but sales tax audits are common.

Federal Audits 

Here are some situations that may trigger an IRS audit:

Home Office Deduction

Tax law allows self-employed taxpayers to take the home office deduction. Determining the correct deduction amount may be complicated, and errors can trigger an audit.

Large Change In Income

A large decrease in income from prior years may be a red flag for the IRS. If a taxpayer’s W-2 income drops 30% from the prior year and the employee works for the same company, the income decline may draw attention.

Business Losses

The IRS defines a hobby as an activity that a person pursues because they enjoy it and with no intention of making a profit. If a business generates a loss for several consecutive years, the IRS may classify the activity as a hobby.

As you prepare client tax returns, pay attention to situations that increase the risk of an audit.

Types Of Tax Audits 

The type of audit has an impact on the amount of time required to assist your tax client.

Correspondence Audits (By Mail)

In this case, the tax authority requests supporting documentation by mail. The taxpayer provides documents to support business deductions or tax credits on the tax return. Correspondence audits can be resolved with proper documentation.

Office Audits

These audits are conducted at an IRS or state tax agency office. The taxpayer provides documentation and may be asked more detailed questions about transactions. 

The tax preparer or a tax attorney may attend the meeting. 

Field Audits

Field audits are conducted at the taxpayer’s home or business location. The auditors examine books and records used to produce the tax return.

This is the most comprehensive and time-consuming type of audit.

States may audit franchise tax returns and sales tax returns, as well as state income tax filings.

If a client is notified of an audit, get a clear understanding of the type of audit required. This step helps you prepare for the process and answer the client’s questions.

What To Do If Your Client Gets Audited

As a tax preparer, your goal is to resolve the tax audit issues as quickly and smoothly as possible. Reduce your client’s anxiety by clearly communicating the audit process and the records needed to address each tax issue.

An attorney, CPA, or enrolled agent can represent the taxpayer during an IRS audit. If you meet the requirement, discuss representation with your client and determine how they want to manage the audit process.

If the issues are complex and you have limited experience with the topics under audit, consider bringing in an expert to provide guidance. Follow the IRS or state tax rules regarding this situation.

If a state requests an audit, review the state’s tax laws regarding representation.

How To Prepare For A Tax Audit

Carefully review the notice from the IRS or state tax agency and note the deadline for responding. Ensure that the response is sent before the deadline to avoid penalties.

Note the specific income, deduction, or other issues that are under audit.

Collecting Appropriate Documentation

Gather the necessary documentation and organize the data to minimize the auditor’s review time.

Records for an individual return may include bank statements, 1099s, W-2s, and K-1s. For business audits, the auditor may require payroll records, the general ledger, and documents related to purchases and sales.

Providing Supporting Materials

You may need to provide documentation, written explanations, and answer auditor questions to resolve the audit. Only provide information that directly addresses the audit issue.

If the audit report recommends adjustments that result in additional taxes owed or penalties, review the proposed changes with the client. Advise the client on whether the adjustments should be accepted or if the audit should be appealed.

How Can You Avoid Tax Audits?

A tax audit is stressful for taxpayers, and the time-consuming process reduces the hours you can spend on other client issues. Reduce the chances of an audit by paying attention to these specific areas of risk.

Missing Income

Check the prior year tax return and determine if each source of income applies to the current year. Ensure that the amount reported on W-2s, 1099s, and K-1s matches the data on each form.

You can reduce error rates by using tax software that inputs income data directly into the tax return.

Large Swings In Income 

A large change in income is likely to get the attention of an auditor. Have explanations prepared before you file the return.

An individual may inherit assets, take a retirement distribution, sell a home, or incur large medical expenses. A business may buy or sell assets or purchase a competitor to increase total revenue.

All of these situations may cause a change in income.

Business Losses

Refer to the IRS publications that determine if an activity should be classified as a hobby. 

It’s not unusual for a business (particularly a new company) to generate losses in consecutive years. Clients should keep business plans, marketing and sales efforts, and other documents to confirm intent to earn a profit.

Questionable Deductions

Advise clients to maintain detailed files to prove that all deductions are legitimate. Help the client to comply with current tax code requirements for each deduction. 

Undervalued Assets

Follow guidelines to determine if an asset should be listed at book value, market value, or another valuation method. If a high-value asset does not trade in a market that provides liquidity, consider getting an appraisal for the asset.

Final Thoughts About Audit Preparation

Sigma Tax Pro’s professional tax software helps tax professionals avoid audit triggers through comprehensive error checking, accurate calculations, and proper documentation management.When audits do occur, Sigma’s Audit Assistance Program handles all IRS correspondence for denied credits and schedules, offering you a revenue opportunity while ensuring clients get their deserved refunds.

Reach out to Sigma Tax Pro today to learn more.

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Professional Tax Articles

How to Select the Best Professional Tax Preparation Software

Your tax practice faces a number of challenges, including tax law changes and new client tax scenarios. The right tax preparation software can be your competitive advantage in addressing these challenges, helping you service clients, file accurate tax returns, and work productively.

Evaluating the best tax preparation software depends on the type of practice you manage, your firm’s workflows, and areas of particular tax expertise. To make this evaluation process easier, focus on these essential considerations.

Considerations For Choosing The Right Tax Software

Evaluate Your Tax Practice

Consider the number of tax returns you process, the size of your staff, and whether you focus on particular industries in your practice. If your company focuses on partnership returns, for example, the tax software must be able to generate dozens (or hundreds) of accurate K-1s for partners. 

Find professional tax preparation software that provides all necessary IRS forms. If you’re expanding your tax practice into a new area, you need access to the required tax forms.

Data Analytics

Tax managers need tools to manage workflows, and business owners need data to measure staff productivity and to assess profitability.

Managers need to track hours spent on each return and the missing documents that must be received before each return can be filed. This becomes more important as you approach filing deadlines.

Timely Software Updates

Tax laws are updated constantly, and tax software providers must provide timely updates to reflect the latest requirements. Ideally, tax software should be updated automatically through the cloud.

If, for example, Form 1040 must be updated for tax law legislation passed in December, the software must be updated before you can prepare returns in the spring.

Key Features To Look For In Tax Preparation Software

Advanced Security

Federal Trade Commission regulations require professional tax preparers to create and enact security plans to protect client data.

The IRS points out that criminals attempt to steal your clients’ data so they can file fraudulent tax returns that better impersonate their victims and are harder to detect. They are trying to gain access to:

  • Your staff’s computer passwords
  • E-Services passwords
  • EFINs or CAF numbers

Tax software must provide encrypted data storage and a secure system for file transfers.

Comprehensive Customer Support 

Software access issues, slow processing times, or confusion about navigating screens will slow production. You need responsive customer support, particularly during tax season. 

Work with a software company that offers extended support hours during tax season. Tax practices can’t afford to lose time dealing with software issues as tax deadlines approach.

User-friendly Interface With Simple Navigation

Avoid tax software that has a steep learning curve and provides a poor user experience. Software vendors should provide comprehensive online learning tools, including webinars.

Your staff needs time to focus on tax law changes that impact client returns. Use software that does not require a big time investment to learn.

The ability to navigate quickly through the software is critical for productivity. Assume, for example, that a team member is entering cost basis and prices from an investment statement into software.

Tax software should make it easy to find the correct input fields to produce Schedule D. When software provides a smooth experience, your entire staff can work more efficiently.

Integrated Tax Compliance Features

Most practices will need multi-user access with role-based permissions, which allows you to control what information each team member can access based on their responsibilities.

Tax preparers also need integrations with other types of software, including e-filing functionality that tracks the status of returns and alerts if a return is rejected. 

Customization Options

Your firm needs the ability to customize software to meet your needs. 

Let’s assume that a senior tax preparer must review the work of three less experienced CPAs. You need a workflow management process that assigns completed returns to the senior accountant for review.

As tax season ramps up, tracking the progress of each return becomes more important.

Data Conversion

You need the ability to convert data from multiple sources into the tax software. Tax preparers often need integrations with clients’ accounting software and data from bank statements and credit card statements.

Automated data conversion can save huge amounts of time and reduce the risk of manual errors. If you can upload 1099s and other documents into the software, you eliminate manual input.

Cloud/Web-Based Vs. Desktop

Cloud users can access tax software from anywhere at any time, which is a factor if your staff works from home. Software should provide the same level of security and cloud backup, regardless of where a team member is working.

Using the cloud makes collaboration easier, and you don’t have to worry about different computers using different versions of the software. If you use cloud-based software, any changes to a return are updated quickly.

Desktop-based software, by contrast, requires manual updates instead of automated cloud updates. If your team uses desktop software and a computer crashes, you risk losing data that has not been backed up.

Cost Considerations

Using less expensive software that doesn’t meet your needs can slow productivity and lead to poor client service. If you choose an inexpensive solution that requires you to use Excel or other tools, you can’t work productively.

On the other hand, high-priced software may provide features that you don’t need. As you review software vendors, make sure you understand how they charge for advanced functionality.

Software companies may charge per return or use an annual licensing fee. Select software that provides strong customer service at a reasonable cost.

Sigma Tax Pro provides this useful tax software comparison chart. Use it to assess your needs and to choose tax software that best fits your business.

Benefits Of Using Tax Preparation Software

Automated Error Detection

Automated error detection identifies errors, including missing input, calculation mistakes, and data inconsistencies. With Sigma Tax Pro software, the tax preparer is alerted and errors are corrected before the return is filed.

A single return can involve dozens of calculations, and even the most experienced tax accountant may miss something during review. Automated error detection adds an extra layer of assurance.

Managing Tax Documents

Tax software can use OCR scanning to upload documents, reducing the need to manage paper copies. Documents can be accessed easily by your entire team, and your staff can avoid flipping through paper files to complete a return.

Client Portals

Productivity during busy season depends, in part, on how quickly clients provide supporting documents. As tax season progresses, you may have dozens of returns that only need a few remaining documents before the return can be filed.

A growing number of software companies provide client portals. Clients can log in and upload documents automatically, and receive alerts when data is missing.

Client portals are tied into the software’s data management system. When a client uploads 1099s, those documents are automatically filed in the cloud.

Bank Products

A bank product is a service that allows tax professionals the option of having their preparation fees deducted from the client’s refund, instead of charging their fees upfront. With bank products, taxpayers who can’t afford to pay upfront can still receive their tax refund early and pay the tax preparer from their refund.

Sigma Tax Pro’s bank product feature also offers taxpayers the option to receive cash advances.

Final Thoughts About Professional Tax Software

To add more clients, expand into new services, and scale your business, you need the best tax software for tax preparers. The right software provider can help you save time and increase profitability.

Sigma Tax Pro provides industry-leading software solutions and tax preparation support at the lowest prices available.

Reach out to Sigma Tax Pro today to learn more.

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Professional Tax Articles

Common Tax Filing Errors And How To Avoid Them

Tax filing mistakes can be costly for your business. Tax preparers must invest time and effort to resolve tax mistakes, and the process is frustrating for clients. 

You need controls in place before tax season to minimize the risk of tax filing errors. Meet with your team to discuss the topic before you’re under time pressure during tax season.

If a taxpayer’s return is filed electronically and rejected, the IRS will provide a reason for the rejection. If you made a mistake in entering a Social Security number, a payer’s identification number, omitted a form, or misspelled a name, you can correct these errors and electronically file your tax return again.

Manual returns require more time and effort to correct, and you should encourage clients to avoid filing any returns manually.

Here are some common tax filing mistakes and tips for avoiding these problems.

Incorrect Social Security Number

These errors occur when the taxpayer provides the wrong number or if the tax preparer makes an input mistake. There are two ways to verify the correct Social Security number (SSN):

  • Prior year return: If your firm submitted a correct return in the prior year, you can compare the SSN provided to the prior year return.
  • Review the physical card: The client provides the hardcopy card with the correct SSN.

Encourage taxpayers to carefully review each SSN listed on the tax return before the return is filed. Most taxpayers have their SSN memorized, and they are best positioned to catch an error.

Expired ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number)

If an ITIN isn’t used on a U.S. federal tax return for any 3 consecutive tax years, it expires on December 31 after the third tax year of non-use. You must renew an expired ITIN if it will be included on a U.S. federal tax return.

These individuals do not need an ITIN number:

  • U.S. citizen
  • Nonresident alien with a U.S. work visa (since you qualify for an SSN)
  • Permanent legal resident of the U.S. (green card holder)
  • Anyone eligible for an SSN

Before filing a tax return for a client, discuss the ITIN and determine if the individual should apply for an SSN, instead of a renewed ITIN.

Wrong Names

The name shown on the taxpayer’s Social Security card should match the name used on the tax return. 

Newly married taxpayers may contact the Social Security Administration (SSA) to change the name on their Social Security card. However, they can elect to file married filing jointly without changing their name with SSA.

If the taxpayer hasn’t changed their name with the SSA, you’ll need to show the former name on the tax return instead of the married name to avoid tax processing delays.

Missing Required Forms/Schedules

Most taxpayers have either W-2s or 1099s (or both) to document income, and tax preparers request these forms. Other forms and schedules are often included to support specific deductions and tax credits.

Tax software may provide a document checklist based on the tax preparer’s input. Software can also alert the preparer to include missing tax forms.

Unsigned Forms

Your clients may sign and date tax forms in person or electronically before they are submitted. Make sure that both taxpayers sign joint tax returns.

Use IRS e-filing in your tax practice. This technology allows you to send a link and have clients sign the return remotely. Both you and the client will receive a confirmation that the return was dated and signed.

Filing Status

Tax rates, the standard deduction, and some types of tax credits are affected by the taxpayer’s filing status. 

When you discuss the tax year with clients, pay attention to these situations that may change the filing status in current or future years:

  • Change in marital status: Married, divorced, or widowed during the year.
  • Change with dependent children: Determine age, residency, and support test information for child-related tax credits and deductions.

Invest the time to discuss these complex rules with clients.

Mathematical And Calculation Errors

If a tax return is submitted with a math error, the IRS sends the return to the Error Resolution System. Once the math error is corrected, the IRS sends the taxpayer a notice detailing the correction and the new balance due or refund amount owed.

Work to avoid math errors by double-checking the data you input into tax return software. If you’re transcribing information from a hardcopy document, carefully verify each number as you input it.

With tax software, you minimize the risk of math errors, posting data to the wrong line in the tax return, or using incorrect tax tables.

Deduction And Credit Errors

Congress continues to add tax credits and deductions to the tax code, making tax compliance more complex. 

Stay on top of recent changes to the tax code, so that you can advise clients about deductions and tax credits. When you post a deduction or credit to a client’s return, verify that you’ve attached all supporting forms and schedules.

Incorrect Bank Account Numbers

Taxpayers want to receive tax refunds as soon as possible, and incorrect bank account numbers slow down the process. Ask the client if they are using the same account information from the prior year.

Confirm the taxpayer’s bank routing number and account number before submitting the return. Ask the client to verify the data using a physical check or deposit slip.

If the client prefers the refund by check, confirm the address you have on file. Use this IRS link to track the status of the refund.

Incorrect Income Reporting (Wrong Or Missing)

Have a detailed discussion with the taxpayer to identify each type of income. New income sources might include:

  • New retirement account after a job change
  • Inheritance
  • Purchase of a second home or rental property   
  • Taking Social Security or retirement plan distributions

Verify income sources by reviewing 1099s, K-1s, and other documents. Review the prior year return and determine which income sources apply to the current year.

Filing Early/Prematurely

Taxpayers who expect a refund may be anxious to file returns, but the return should not be filed until all tax documents are available. Educate your clients on the due dates for key documents, including W-2s, 1099s, and K-1s, so they understand the timeline for filing returns.

Reach out to clients for missing documentation as filing deadlines approach. Taxpayers must also be aware that they may receive corrected tax documents, which must be entered into the return before filing.

Communicate with clients to minimize frustration about tax filings.

Filing Late Or Not Filing

The IRS assesses penalties for late filing and for not filing a return.

For individuals, the late filing penalty is 5% of the tax due (less any tax paid on time and available credits) for each month or partial month the return is late. The penalty accrues up to a maximum of 25%.

The penalty for failing to file is:

  • Tax required to be shown on the return;
  • Less any tax paid on time (example: withholding credits or estimated tax payments);
  • Less available refundable credits; then
  • Multiplied by 5% per month (up to 25%).

If the return is more than 60 days late, the minimum penalty is the amount listed or 100% of the underpayment, whichever is less.

If a client has not made an effort to get you their tax documents, explain the penalties. Point out that filing before the deadline is critically important.

Taxpayers should understand that requesting an extension to file does not extend the time that tax payments are due.

Incorrect Mailing Address Or Postage

Using an incorrect address can delay receipt of the tax return, which may result in late filing penalties. Use IRS publications to confirm the correct mailing address for client returns.

If the return is not mailed due to insufficient postage, you may miss the filing deadline. Postage rates have increased four times since January 2023, and you should be careful to use the correct amount of postage when you mail physical tax returns. 

Final Thoughts 

Reliable tax software can help you save time, reduce error rates, and provide high-quality service to your clients. Sigma Tax Pro provides industry-leading software solutions and tax preparation support at the lowest prices available. 

Tax professionals can collect preparation fees directly from taxpayer refunds and may also be eligible to offer taxpayer cash advances when using Sigma Tax Pro’s preferred bank product partners.

Set up your firm for a more successful tax preparation season. Reach out to Sigma Tax Pro today to learn more.

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Understanding Passive Income & Taxes

Tax preparers must identify passive income and losses and calculate the tax liability. Taxpayers pay less in taxes on certain types of passive income.

Read on to understand the definition of passive income and losses, how gains and losses are calculated, and the current tax rates. Use this information to provide accurate tax advice to your clients.

Understanding Passive Income Tax Rates

Passive income is generated from trade or business activities in which the individual doesn’t materially participate. Passive income is also generated from rental activities, even if the taxpayer materially participates in the activity. However, income generated by a real estate professional is not passive.

The taxation of passive income varies depending on the type and how long the asset was held. Some types of passive income are taxed at lower rates than the taxpayer’s marginal tax rate.

What Is “Passive Income” For Tax Purposes?

Passive activity income includes all income from passive activities and generally includes gains from the disposition of an interest in a passive activity or property used in a passive activity. Here are some common sources of passive income.

Limited Partnership Interest 

Limited partners often invest capital in exchange for a partnership interest. In most cases, limited partners do not materially participate in partnership operations. As a result, the income earned is passive. 

Rental Real Estate

Rental activities, including rental real estate activities, are passive activities even if the individual materially participates. However, rental real estate activities in which the taxpayer materially participates aren’t passive activities if the person is a real estate professional.

Self-Charged Interest

Self-charged interest income and deductions result from loans between the taxpayer and a partnership or S corporation in which the individual had a direct or indirect ownership interest. This includes both loans made to the partnership or S corporation and loans the partnership or S corporation made to the taxpayer.

Self-charged interest income or deductions may be treated as passive activity income or passive activity deductions if the loan proceeds are used in a passive activity. Note that the taxpayer must elect to treat self-charged interest as passive.

Passive Income vs. Active Income

As previously discussed, passive income is generated from trade or business activities in which the person doesn’t materially participate. When a taxpayer participates regularly, continuously, and substantially in a business, their earnings are considered active income. 

IRS Topic 409 defines capital assets. When an investor sells a capital asset, the difference between the adjusted basis in the asset and the amount realized from the sale is a capital gain or a capital loss. Investments are defined as capital assets.

Generally, if an investor holds the asset for more than one year before disposing of it, the capital gain or loss is long-term. If the investor holds the asset for one year or less, the capital gain or loss is short-term.

Short-term vs. Long-term Capital Gains On Passive Income

Some capital gains tax rates on passive income are lower than the rate paid on ordinary income. In 2025, long-term and short-term capital gains are taxed at different rates. 

Consider these examples:

  • Assume that a taxpayer purchased IBM common stock 10 years ago at a $40 cost basis. If the stock is sold at $65, the taxpayer has a $25 long-term capital gain. 
  • If the same taxpayer purchases Apple common stock at $50 and sells the shares eight months later at $70, the transaction generates a $20 short-term capital gain.

Taxpayers must separate long-term and short-term capital gains transactions for tax purposes.

Passive Income Tax Rates

For 2025, taxpayers pay ordinary income tax rates on short-term gains. The long-term gain tax rate depends on taxable income and filing status.

Capital Gains Tax Rates For Single Taxpayers In 2025

These are the capital gain rates, based on taxable income:

Taxable income Capital gains rate
$0 to $47,025 0%
$47,026 to $518,900 15%
Over $518,900 20%

Capital Gains Tax Rates For Married, Filing Jointly Taxpayers In 2025

The capital gain rates for married, filing jointly taxpayers are slightly different:

Taxable income Capital gains rate
$0 to $47,025 0%
$47,026 to $291,850 15%
Over $291,850 20%

Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)

Net investment income includes:

  • Interest, dividends, certain annuities, royalties, and rents (unless derived in a trade or business in which the NIIT doesn’t apply);
  • Income derived in a trade or business which is a passive activity or trading in financial instruments or commodities;
  • Net gains from the disposition of property such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and real estate; 
  • Generally net gains from the sale of an active partnership or S corporation ownership interests.

A taxpayer may incur the net investment income tax, depending on these income thresholds. An individual pays 3.8% on the lesser of:

  • Net investment income, OR
  • The excess of modified adjusted gross income (AGI) over the following threshold amounts:
    • $250,000 for married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse
    • $125,000 for married filing separately

For individual taxpayers who haven’t excluded any foreign-earned income, their modified AGI is generally the same as their regular AGI.

Passive Income And “Material Participation” Tests

A taxpayer materially participates in an activity if involved in the operation of the activity on a regular, continuous, and substantial basis. If the individual materially participates in an activity, the income generated is not passive.

Material participation includes these three situations:

  • Participating in the activity for more than 500 hours.
  • If the participation represents most of the work performed for the year, the tax code defines the work as material participation.
  • The taxpayer participated in the activity for more than 100 hours during the tax year, and participated at least as much as any other individual (including individuals who didn’t own any interest in the activity) for the year.

When assessing material participation, review these guidelines for a significant participation activity and for a personal service activity. These factors also determine when a taxpayer materially participates in an activity

Passive Income Streams

Several types of income streams produce passive income.

Real Estate Income

Rental activities, including rental real estate activities, are passive activities even if the person materially participates. This category includes income from Airbnb and Vrbo properties.

REITs

Income and capital gains generated from a real estate investment trust (REIT) are defined as passive income in the everyday sense. However, REIT income is considered portfolio income under IRS rules and does not qualify for offset with passive income.

Dividend Stocks

Passive income includes cash dividends paid to shareholders. Similar to REITs, dividend income is considered portfolio income under IRS rules and does not qualify for offset with passive income.

Bond Ladders

A bond ladder is a portfolio of bonds that mature at different intervals over time. For example, bonds in the portfolio might mature every three years, with some bonds maturing in three years and others maturing in ten to fifteen years.

When a particular bond matures, the principal received is reinvested in a new bond with a different maturity.

High-yield CDs

High-yield CD investors can earn a higher annual percentage yield (APY) than rates offered on other CDs. The investment may be FDIC insured, depending on the total dollars invested.

To avoid paying penalties, investors must keep dollars invested for the entire term length. Term lengths range from three months to five years, and investors earn higher rates on longer-term CDs.

High-yield Savings Accounts

High-yield savings accounts offer a higher APY than traditional savings accounts. The rate the investor earns fluctuates when the Federal Reserve changes lending rates.

Owners can make additional deposits at any time. The investment may be FDIC insured, depending on the total dollars invested.

As discussed above, a taxpayer may incur the net investment income tax on these types of income, depending on filing status and income thresholds.

Offsetting Passive Income With Passive Losses

A passive activity loss is the excess of passive activity deductions over passive activity income. Taxpayers can offset passive income with passive losses to reduce the tax liability. 

If passive losses remain after offsetting passive income, the loss may not be deductible in the current year.

Passive Loss Carryforward

Passive activity losses (PALs) not allowed in the current year are carried forward until:

  • They are offset with passive activity income in future years; or
  • They are offset with special allowance (explained below); or 
  • The taxpayer sells or exchanges the entire interest in the activity in a fully taxable transaction to an unrelated party.

Special $25,000 Allowance

If the taxpayer or spouse actively participated in a passive rental real estate activity, the amount of the passive activity loss that is disallowed is decreased and the taxpayer therefore can deduct up to $25,000 of loss from the activity from nonpassive income. This special allowance is an exception to the general rule disallowing the passive activity loss. 

The maximum special allowance of $25,000 ($12,500 for married individuals filing separate returns and living apart at all times during the year) is reduced by 50% of the amount of the modified AGI that is more than $100,000 ($50,000 if married filing separately).

Final Thoughts About Passive Income & Taxes

The passive income tax calculations are complex, and tax preparers need knowledge and effective software tools. Sigma Tax Pro provides industry-leading software solutions and tax preparation support at the lowest prices available. 

Reach out to Sigma Tax Pro today to learn more.

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How a Tax Preparer Should Best Field Questions About BOI

Tax preparers must advise some clients on beneficial owner information (BOI) reporting. Let’s discuss the new reporting requirements and how to guide companies through the process.

How A Tax Preparer Should Best Field Questions About BOI Reporting

The IRS defines beneficial owners as individuals who ultimately own or control a company. 

Businesses may be required to report certain information on beneficial owners to the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). Certain types of corporations, limited liability companies, and other similar entities must report information about their beneficial owners.

In 2021, Congress passed the Corporate Transparency Act. This law creates a new beneficial ownership information reporting requirement as part of the U.S. government’s efforts to make it harder for bad actors to hide or benefit from their ill-gotten gains through shell companies or other opaque ownership structures.

Clients may ask tax preparers if a BOI report filing is required, what information is needed to file the report, and how the data is submitted to FinCEN. 

Recent changes in BOI filing requirements may confuse taxpayers. The 2025 tax law change is complex, and clients need a tax preparer’s help to understand the requirements and protect the company’s data from potential scams. 

Who Qualifies As A Beneficial Owner?

A beneficial owner is an individual who either directly or indirectly: (1) exercises substantial control over the reporting company (senior company officers, for example), or (2) owns or controls at least 25% of the reporting company’s ownership interests. 

Company management may mistakenly believe that legal entities are beneficial owners. However, because beneficial owners must be individuals (i.e., natural persons), trusts, corporations, or other legal entities are not considered to be beneficial owners.

Understanding Company Applicants vs. Beneficial Owners

Company applicants may or may not be beneficial owners. 

A company applicant is the individual who directly filed the creation of the first registration document for the reporting company with the Secretary of State or similar office. 

All companies (domestic or foreign) that were created or registered on or after Janauary 1, 2024 must report company applicants. Those created before 2024 are exempt from reporting company applicants.

For each individual who is a company applicant, a reporting company will have to provide:

  1. The individual’s name;
  2. Date of birth;
  3. Address; and
  4. An identifying number from an acceptable identification document, such as a passport or U.S. driver’s license, and the name of the issuing state or jurisdiction of the identification document.

The reporting company will also provide an image of the identification document used to obtain the identifying number in item 4.

It is possible that a beneficial owner also files the registration document for the reporting company (as the company applicant).

The Latest BOI Reporting Requirements

All domestic reporting companies are required to file BOI reports under the Corporate Transparency Act unless they qualify for one of the 23 exemptions listed by FinCEN.

  • All entities created in the United States – including those previously known as “domestic reporting companies” – and their beneficial owners will be exempt from the requirement to report BOI to FinCEN.
  • Reporting companies do not need to report BOI of any U.S. persons, and U.S. persons are exempt from having to provide BOI with respect to any reporting company for which they are a beneficial owner.

Who Needs To File A BOI Report?

Foreign companies must report beneficial ownership information to FinCEN.

The 2025 FinCEN rule changes revise the definition of “reporting company” to mean only those entities formed under the law of a foreign country and that have registered to do business in any U.S. State or Tribal jurisdiction. 

Who Is Exempt From BOI Reporting?

U.S. companies and U.S. persons are now exempt from the reporting requirements.

Reporting companies do not need to report BOI of any U.S. persons, and U.S. persons are exempt from having to provide BOI with respect to any reporting company for which they are a beneficial owner.

Some foreign-based publicly traded companies may also be exempt, due to the Securities Act of 1934 reporting requirements.

What Information Is Required On A BOI Report?

A reporting company will have to report:

  1. Its legal name;
  2. Any trade names, “doing business as” (d/b/a), or “trading as” (t/a) names;
  3. The current address from which the company conducts business in the United States (for example, a foreign reporting company’s U.S. headquarters);
  4. Its jurisdiction of formation or registration; and
  5. Its Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) (or, if a foreign reporting company has not been issued a TIN, a tax identification number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of the jurisdiction).

For each individual who is a beneficial owner, a reporting company will have to provide:

  1. The individual’s name;
  2. Date of birth;
  3. Residential address; and
  4. An identifying number from an acceptable identification document, such as a passport or U.S. driver’s license, and the name of the issuing state or jurisdiction of the identification document.

The reporting company will also provide an image of the identification document used to obtain the identifying number in item 4.

When Are BOI Reports Due?

Current rules require filing within 30 days of formation or registration, effective January 1, 2024, under 31 CFR § 1010.380.

If a business entity’s initial BOI report is accurate and no information filed in the report changes, the company does not have to submit any subsequent reports.

These types of changes require the reporting company to file an updated BOI report within 30 calendar days of the change:

  • New principal address
  • New Chief Executive Officer
  • A beneficial owner changes their name or moves to a new residential address
  • The reporting company has registered a new fictitious name (DBA name)

How To File A BOI Report

BOI reports are filed electronically through a secure filing system available via FinCEN’s BOI E-Filing website. 

  • Data and images: Report the required BOI, reporting company, and company applicant information explained above.
  • File the report: The BIO Report (BOIR) can be submitted as a PDF or online. Both types of filings are submitted using boiefiling.fincen.gov. Complete each required field. You can use the same link to apply for a FinCEN ID.
  • Download the transcript: Download a PDF copy of the transcript, which includes a copy of the confirmation page details and the report data in transcript format. This serves as a receipt of your submission.

What Are The Penalties For Non-Compliance?

FinCEN may impose both civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance.

Civil Penalty

Any person who fails to comply with the registration requirements may be liable for a civil penalty of up to $5,000 for each violation. Failure to comply includes the filing of false or materially incomplete information. 

Each day a violation continues constitutes a separate violation. In addition, the Secretary of the Treasury may bring a civil action to enjoin the violation.

Criminal Penalty 

It is unlawful to do business without complying with the registration requirements. A criminal fine and/or imprisonment for up to 5 years may be imposed.

Professional Guidance for Tax Preparers

Tax preparers must keep current on BOI report requirements and communicate changes to affected clients. Preparing a compliance checklist for clients also makes reporting compliance easier. 

CPAs owe a fiduciary duty to act in their client’s best interests. A CPA must secure all client data and provide guidance based on current laws and regulations. If you suspect that a third party is attempting to access client data fraudulently, immediately inform your client and ask them to contact legal counsel.

Recognizing and Avoiding BOI-Related Scams 

BOI-related scams are similar to other illegal attempts to gather data or induce a business to submit payments: 

  • Notices: A company may receive fake compliance notices that demand immediate payment.
  • Emails: A firm may receive phishing emails with fake links to BOI-related websites.
  • Phone calls: Scammers may pose as regulatory officials who are requesting sensitive company information.

Encourage clients to pause before responding to these inquiries. Before taking action, they should confirm the request is legitimate. 

Final Thoughts

Filing a BOI report can feel overwhelming for clients. A tax preparer can make the process easier by explaining current regulatory requirements and using professional tax software. 

Sigma Tax Pro provides four of the industry’s leading professional tax software packages. Use Sigma Tax Pro to grow your business and achieve your goals.

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How To Become A Tax Service Bureau

If you are an experienced tax professional and want to expand your business, consider running a tax service bureau. There’s plenty of demand for professional tax preparation services, and a tax service bureau may be an ideal and lucrative business path for you.

Starting a tax service bureau commonly requires strategic planning and preparation. Let’s discuss the steps needed to start your bureau, legal and licensing requirements, and tips to scale your business.

What Is A Tax Service Bureau?

A tax service bureau provides tax-related services to individuals, businesses, and other tax professionals. The services include:

  • Tax planning and preparation: Work with clients to minimize tax liabilities and to prepare and file tax returns.
  • Audit support and representation: A tax service bureau can provide support and advice if a client’s tax returns are audited. A bureau can also represent clients in disputes with tax authorities.
  • Tax software reseller: Many tax preparers need specialized tax software. Some tax service bureaus work as resellers of tax software. Resellers provide technical support and training to support tax preparers.
  • Planning for office growth: Tax preparers may work with a tax service bureau to improve productivity, particularly during busy season. 

Tax service bureaus help tax preparers save time, work more efficiently, and scale.

Benefits Of Becoming A Tax Service Bureau

A tax service bureau can help you secure new income sources, grow total revenue, and move away from a tax-season dependent business.

New Revenue Sources 

You can generate revenue by reselling tax software to other tax professionals. In some cases, you can use a white label strategy and use your company name and logo to sell software. Resellers can also charge fees for software support and training.

Expand Your Services

A tax service bureau can onboard additional tax preparers to meet customer demand during tax season. Add other business-related services, such as year-round payroll processing.

These changes shift the market’s perception of your brand. Your business can become a tax service bureau offering multiple services year-round, rather than simply a tax preparation firm.

Steps To Become A Tax Service Bureau

Create a business plan, meet the regulatory requirements, and decide on staffing needs to start your tax service bureau.

Create A Comprehensive Business Plan

You need a written, well-designed business plan to increase your chances of success. Your plan should include:

  • Market research: Determine what new services you will offer, based on customer demand and competition. For example, if mid-size construction firms are underserved, you can target services for that industry.
  • Marketing and sales: How can you get attention and generate interest? One idea is to launch an email campaign explaining your new services to the existing customer base.
  • Capital requirements: Create a budget for business expansion, and decide how you will fund the expansion. 

The business plan is the roadmap needed to scale your business.

Get The Required Licenses And Permits

You must comply with legal requirements and obtain the necessary licenses and permits before starting your tax service bureau. The licensing and permit requirements vary by state. 

In general, you will need at least a business license and an Electronic Filing Identification Number (EFIN) from the IRS.

While the requirements depend on your location and the services that your business offers, regulations may include:

  • Permits and licenses from your local government
  • Bonding requirements
  • Data security measures to comply with privacy regulations and to protect your clients’ data.

Choose The Right Tax Software

The tax software you choose impacts your ability to serve clients. The choice becomes even more important when you operate as a reseller. 

To make an informed decision, make a list of the features that are most important to your firm. Sigma Tax Pro’s Comparison Chart provides several factors to consider:

  • Type of tax returns you must prepare
  • Desktop and online software available
  • Ability to scan documents
  • Bank integrations

Once you determine the features you need, speak with tax software providers.

Hire And Train Staff

A tax service bureau needs tax preparers, bookkeepers, CPAs, and payroll specialists. The number of staff and the mix of positions depend on your client base.

Junior-level tax preparers work on less complex returns, and senior-level tax professionals provide tax planning guidance and tax return preparation. Tax laws change constantly, and you need to provide consistent training to serve clients effectively.

Managing Client Data And Security

Tax preparation firms are required to create a Written Information Security Plan (WISP) to protect client data. Here are some of the components of a security plan:

  • Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
  • Anti-virus software and firewalls
  • Multi-factor authentication
  • Data encryption and strong user passwords
  • Backup software and services for disaster recovery

Security is needed for both office work and remote access. Software should be updated regularly, and your staff must be trained on client data management and security measures.

Identifying And Offering Value-Added Services

Tax preparers build trust with clients over time, and tax clients may be interested in other services. You can add value by providing bookkeeping, payroll, financial planning, and tax audit support.

If a tax client is unhappy with the current payroll provider, for example, they may respond to your marketing efforts and sign up for additional services. When you handle the tax return, you already have a base of knowledge about the client’s needs.

Maximizing Tax Prep Revenue

Offer more services and leverage your team with technology to get the most out of your business.

Provide A Wide Range Of Tax Services

Provide an extensive range of services to attract a broader range of clients. If you handle an individual tax return for a client, ask them if they work with another tax firm for business returns, trust returns, etc. Consider adding services to attract more business from existing clients.

You can also launch a niche service, such as sales and use tax returns.

Leveraging Technology

Technology allows you to save time, increase accuracy, and work more productively. Use the latest tax software and tools to streamline processes and improve efficiency.

Competitive Fees

Clients are price-sensitive, and you should research the prices offered by competitors. Tax clients may be willing to pay higher prices if they perceive that you provide more value and expertise.

Seasonal Tax Promotions

Customers see tax preparation ads and promotions as the new year begins. Put seasonal tax promotions in place to drive repeat business. For example, some tax firms offer discounts for early submission of tax documents. 

Scaling Your Tax Business 

Launching a tax service bureau is a strategy to diversify your service offerings, strengthen relationships with current clients, and drive more total revenue. You become less dependent on seasonal tax preparation.

However, you must commit to hiring and training qualified professionals to provide new services. This means more time managing people and a larger investment in your business. 

With proper planning, you can operate a successful tax service bureau.

Become A Service Bureau With Sigma Tax Pro

Tax software sales can be an important revenue stream for your tax service bureau. Generate extra income for your business by becoming a reseller of Sigma Tax Pro software. Sigma offers full training, technical support, sales, and marketing to help you generate revenue.

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Understanding Qualified Business Income Deductions

The Qualified Business Income (QBI) deduction can reduce a client’s tax liability, but computing the deduction is complicated. Let’s define the deduction and review a detailed example of the calculation. 

When you understand the details of the QBI deduction, you can provide better tax advice to your clients.   

What Is Qualified Business Income Deduction?

The Qualified Business Income deduction allows owners of sole proprietorships, partnerships, S corporations, and some trusts and estates to deduct a portion of their income. Keep in mind that the QBI deduction expires on December 31, 2025, unless Congress votes to continue the deduction.

The deduction for qualified business income has three components:

  • Eligible taxpayers can deduct up to 20 percent of QBI
  • 20 percent of qualified real estate investment trust (REIT) dividends
  • 20 percent of qualified publicly traded partnership (PTP) income

Eligible taxpayers can file using itemized deductions on Form 1040 Schedule A or the standard deduction.

What Classifies As Qualified Business Income?

Qualified business income refers to net income generated by a qualified trade or business. These items are not included as income for QBI:

  • Capital gains and losses, some types of dividends, and interest income
  • W-2 income
  • S corporations: Shareholder income from payments considered to be reasonable compensation
  • Partnerships: Guaranteed payments from a partnership are excluded. Partner payments received for services to the partnership under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 707(a) are also excluded

Expenses are determined by Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 162, which allows businesses to deduct ordinary and necessary expenses incurred to operate the entity. 

QBI includes the deductible portion of self-employment tax, self-employed health insurance, and deductions for contributions to qualified retirement plans.

Note that several components of the QBI formula have limitations. QBI may be limited based on W-2 wages paid, unadjusted basis immediately after acquisition (UBIA) of qualified property held by the business, and other factors.

Who Qualifies For The Qualified Business Income Deduction?

Sole proprietors, partnership partners, and S corporation shareholders may qualify for QBI. Trusts and estates with QBI may also be able to take the deduction. 

These businesses cannot take the QBI deduction:

  • C corporations
  • Some types of service businesses: A trade or business that performs services as an employee
  • Specified Service Trades or Businesses (SSTBs): Taxpayers who fit this classification cannot take the QBI deduction if their income exceeds threshold amounts

The value of an SSTB is the reputation or skill of its employees or owners. SSTBs include health, law, accounting, performing arts, consulting, athletics, financial services, and investment management businesses.

How To Qualify For The Qualified Business Income Deduction

Address each of these topics to determine if you qualify for the QBI deduction:

  • Business entity: Confirm the type of business entity (or entities) that produce income.
  • Income sources: Determine all sources of income from business operations, REIT dividend income, and PTP income, if applicable.
  • SSTB: Verify whether or not your business fits the SSTB classification.
  • Other limitations: Check the De Minimis and common ownership rules.

When you have this information, you’ll understand how the QBI deduction applies to your situation.

Factors Affecting QBI Deduction

The De Minimis and common ownership rules may impact the QBI deduction.

De Minimis Rule

This rule provides an exception to the SSTB exclusion discussed above. 

  • If your gross receipts from a trade or business are $25 million or less and less than 10% of the gross receipts are from the performance of services in a specified service field, then your trade or business isn’t considered an SSTB.
  • If your gross receipts from the trade or business are more than $25 million and less than 5% of the gross receipts are from the performance of services, then your trade or business isn’t considered an SSTB.

If either of the rules applies, a taxpayer can generate income eligible for the QBI deduction, regardless of taxable income.

Common Ownership Rule

Your business may not be an SSTB, but you provide property or services to another SSTB. If two businesses have a common owner, common ownership rules may impact the QBI deduction.

How Do You Calculate Qualified Business Income?

Follow these steps to calculate QBI. This information is based on the 2024 tax year, the most recent year available.

Assume that Julie operates a home-building business as a sole proprietor and files as a single taxpayer. She generated $150,000 in taxable income in 2024, including $5,000 in net capital gains.

Step 1: SSTB Limitations 

Determine if the SSTB limitations apply to your business. Julie’s occupation does not meet the SSTB definition.

Step 2: Income Thresholds

Your taxable income may limit the QBI deduction.

If your taxable income (before the QBI deduction) exceeds the threshold ($383,900 if married filing jointly, and $191,950 for all other returns), your QBI for each of your trades or businesses may be partially or fully reduced.

The formula to calculate the reduction is:

  • The greater of 50% of W-2 wages paid by the qualified trade or business, OR
  • 25% of W-2 wages plus 2.5% of the UBIA of qualified property from the qualified trade or business. 

The partial or full reduction is determined by your taxable income. If your taxable income (before the QBI deduction) is:

  • At or below the threshold, you don’t need to reduce your QBI;
  • Above the threshold but below the phase-in range (more than $383,900 and $483,900 if married filing jointly, and $191,950 and $241,950 for all other returns), the reduction is phased in; or
  • Above the threshold and phase-in range, the full reduction applies.

If your taxable income is below the threshold, file for the deduction using Form 8995 (the simplified version). Taxpayers with income at or above the threshold use Form 8995-A and these instructions to determine the deduction. 

Julie’s income is below the threshold for a single taxpayer.

Step 3: Use The Deduction Formula

The deduction is the lesser of:

  1. 20% of the taxpayer’s QBI (QBI Component), plus 20% of the taxpayer’s qualified REIT dividends and qualified PTP income (REIT/PTP Component) O
  2. 20% of the taxpayer’s taxable income after subtracting any net capital gain.

Julie’s QBI deduction is ($150,000 in taxable income – $5,000 net capital gains) X 20%, or $29,000.

Avoiding Common QBI Errors

Calculating QBI requires precision and careful planning. Compute taxable income correctly, and remove items not used to calculate QBI. Be aware of business entities that don’t qualify (C corporations, for example). 

Confirm if your business is an SSTB, and pay attention to the income thresholds.

Maximizing QBI Deductions For Your Clients

Take action now to help your clients successfully qualify for the QBI deduction. Get a firm handle on projected taxable income and determine if the income will be below the QBI threshold.

Your client’s filing status, type of business, and various types of income each impact the QBI calculation. Create a plan to maximize the client’s chances of meeting the qualifications.

Final Thoughts About QBI

Tax preparers need tax knowledge and effective software tools to calculate the QBI deduction accurately. Sigma Tax Pro provides industry-leading software solutions and tax preparation support at the lowest prices available. Reach out to Sigma Tax Pro today to learn more.

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Does the IRS Often Provide Disaster Tax Relief After Storms?

Natural disasters such as hurricanes can cause significant financial damage in their wake.
Fortunately, the IRS often steps in with various tax relief programs designed to help individuals
and businesses to recover. These programs play an essential role in easing financial burdens
after devastating storms. Learning about disaster tax relief, including how it works, who
qualifies, and recent examples of it is importance to help you prepare for such a situation.

Provisions of the Hurricane Tax Relief Act

The Hurricane Tax Relief Act provides much needed assistance to those impacted by
hurricanes. Both individuals and businesses in any federally declared disaster area often
receive extended deadlines to file their taxes. The IRS also waives penalties for late payments
and offers deductions for uninsured property losses. This allows taxpayers to focus on
rebuilding without having to worry about immediate tax obligations.

Another important feature of this Act is the disaster relief tax credit. Businesses affected by
hurricanes can claim this credit, which helps offset financial losses. Additionally, some may
qualify for federal tax credits for retaining employees during recovery. This can significantly help
business owners who are struggling to stay operational after a storm. Any extra help with tax
relief is imperative for communities that are impacted by hurricanes. These credits make it
easier for businesses to rebuild and retain jobs.

What Qualifies Someone for Disaster Tax Relief?

Eligibility for disaster tax relief hinges on a few factors. The area must be classified as a
federally declared disaster area, which is a status granted after severe storms such as a
hurricane. The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act is often the
legal framework used to determine which areas qualify for relief. Once this designation has
been made, individuals and businesses can take advantage of IRS relief programs.

Residents may then qualify for tax breaks, such as extended filing deadlines, waived late fees,
and deductions for property losses. These benefits may apply if insurance doesn’t fully cover
the damage incurred. In addition to these measures, those affected may qualify for the disaster

relief tax credit, further helping to reduce their financial burden. Taxpayers in federal tax relief
for disaster victims programs often see significant savings during challenging times.

Recent Example: Hurricane Francine in Louisiana

The IRS has provided hurricane tax relief many times, with Hurricane Francine being a recent
case. The storm hit Louisiana hard, leaving many in need of disaster relief assistance. The IRS
quickly designated affected areas as federally declared disaster areas, activating a range of
disaster tax relief options. These measures were crucial in providing both individuals and
businesses with the financial support needed to begin the recovery process.

Residents also received extensions on tax filings and were able to claim losses related to the
hurricane. This provided immediate financial relief as people worked to rebuild their homes and
businesses. Many also benefited from the ability to amend past tax returns. For example, they
could recoup some of the financial losses from Hurricane Francine. The IRS also offered
businesses federal tax credits, helping them retain employees during the recovery process.

Final Thoughts About Tax Relief Programs

IRS hurricane tax relief commonly offers much-needed financial support after devastating
storms. Programs such as the Hurricane Tax Relief Act make it possible for those in federally
declared disaster areas to recover without the added stress of immediate tax obligations.
Extended filing deadlines and federal tax credits are just a few examples of the assistance
typically provided, as these measures make it easier for individuals and businesses to focus on
rebuilding during such tough times.

Understanding tax relief programs is vital to take full advantage of the available assistance.
Claiming uninsured losses or applying for a disaster relief tax credit are just a few of the benefits
that can often make a positive difference in recovery efforts. Receiving this support for storm
victims helps communities get back on their feet after dealing with severe weather events.
These programs can provide financial relief that allows people to rebuild faster and with less
strain on their financial resources.

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Are Tax Professionals Able to Collect Preparation Fees Directly from Client Refunds?

Are Tax Professionals Able to Collect Preparation Fees Directly from Client Refunds?

Tax preparation often brings about concerns for clients, and one common question involves the handling of paying fees. At times, tax professionals face a challenge when needing to collect these fees from clients. Learning about the cost of average tax preparation fees as well as the refund transfer process is crucial to make sure that the process goes smoothly for all involved.

How Do Most Tax Preparers Collect Fees?

Most tax preparers collect a tax preparation fee upfront. Clients typically pay the tax preparation fee at the time of service via an agreed upon method. This method allows the preparer to receive payment regardless of the client’s refund status. However, some clients prefer to have their tax preparation fees deducted from their refunds, especially if they are short on cash.

Can Tax Preparation Fees Be Deducted from a Refund?

Yes, tax preparation fees can be deducted from a refund through a process known as a refund transfer. Refund transfers allow tax preparers to receive their preparation fees directly from the client’s refund. This is often a more convenient method of payment for both parties, reducing the need for upfront payments to be made. Clients don’t have to worry about paying these fees out of pocket, and tax preparers are guaranteed payment once the refund is processed.

What Is a Refund Transfer?

A refund transfer is a financial service that allows tax preparers to deduct their fees directly from the client’s tax refund. Various tax refund solutions providers offer this service. Essentially, when initiating a refund transfer, the client’s refund is deposited into a temporary account, from which the tax preparation fee is deducted. The remaining funds are then transferred to the client’s bank account.

How Refund Transfers Work

Understanding the mechanics of refund transfers commonly clarifies their benefits. Once a tax return is filed, the expected refund amount is determined. A refund transfer account is then set up to receive this amount. Once the IRS or state tax authority processes the refund due, the money is sent to the temporary account. The tax preparer fees are then deducted from the refund, and the remaining balance is forwarded to the client.

Benefits of Refund Transfers

Refund transfers offer several advantages and clients appreciate the convenience of not having to pay upfront fees. This method of payment also reduces financial strain on clients who may not have the immediate funds to cover tax preparation costs. Refund transfers provide a reliable way for tax preparers to receive their payment without chasing clients for their fees after the service has been completed.

PayDash Tax Refund Solutions

One of the best providers of tax refund solutions is PayDash. PayDash offers various bank products for tax preparers, including refund transfers. These products streamline the fee collection process, making it easier for tax professionals to manage payments. PayDash makes it easy for tax preparation fees to be deducted from client refunds, allowing preparers to focus on delivering quality service.

The Role of Bank Products for Tax Preparers

Bank products for tax preparers play a vital role in tax preparation. These products simplify the financial transactions involved in tax preparation, from setting up temporary accounts to managing refunds. Tax preparers benefit from reduced administrative burdens, while clients enjoy a smoother and much more convenient process.

Common Questions About Refund Transfers

Many clients have questions about refund transfers. Common questions include how long the process takes, potential fees involved, and the security of their funds. Refund transfers are generally quick, often taking just a few days once the refund is issued. Providers such as PayDash provide transparent fee structures and secure transactions, which gives clients peace of mind during the process.

Closing Thoughts About Tax Refund Solutions

Understanding how tax preparation fees can be collected is important for both tax preparers and clients alike. Fees may be collected upfront or through a refund transfer, as the key is to choose a method that works best for both parties. Providers such as PayDash offer valuable solutions that simplify the preparation fee collection process, allowing tax preparers to get paid quickly while providing convenience to their clients.

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Should Tax Preparers Discuss the Odds of Being Audited with their Clients?

One of the primary goals of many tax preparation services is to reduce the chance of their self-employed clients being audited by the IRS. Asking a few questions and gathering enough information is key to decreasing the odds of getting audited. Taking the time to perform these steps requires more effort, but it’s well worth it for a tax preparer. Understanding how to limit IRS audit red flags creates a much better experience for both the tax preparer and the client.

Who Gets Audited by the IRS the Most?

The odds of being audited are significantly increased for self-employed taxpayers if they continue to take a loss on their business each year. However, the client is most likely safe from auditing if they report a profit for at least three out of five years.

It’s also essential for a tax preparer to report any amount of income from a self-employed client. Many clients falsely believe that their income isn’t taxable if it is under $600 for the year. Ultimately, self-employed taxpayers have much more leniency while filing taxes, which is one of the main reasons that they are under greater scrutiny.

Discussing Your Client’s Chances of Getting Audited

The chance of getting audited by the IRS always increases if there are several or glaring red flags. Professional tax preparation services will look at avoiding these red flags while ensuring that all information is accurate. A few of the standard IRS audit red flags include the home office deduction, large deductions for meals and travel, an inflated income, or income loss each year.

Reaching out to your self-employed clients to discuss the chances of getting audited by the IRS is vital in preparing them for this ever-present possibility, especially if they show several red flags on their tax returns. Typically, only one percent of taxpayers making less than $200,000 can expect to be audited. Of course, this percentage can be significantly higher for taxpayers who include any “oversized” deductions on their return.

A taxpayer that earns more than $1 million each year has a 12% chance of getting audited, while those earning between $200,000 and less than $1 million have a 4% chance of getting audited by the IRS. An experienced tax preparer can ensure that information gathered remains accurate as to avoid red flags. Of course, it’s still possible to be audited even if you don’t have any errors or red flags present on your taxes.

What Can Clients Expect During the Audit Process?

Taxpayers often misunderstand that an IRS representative will meet them at their front door to discuss an upcoming audit. However, the vast majority of audits are conducted through the mail instead of an in-person meeting. An initial letter will usually be received to provide instructions for contacting the IRS, while requesting additional information regarding your income, expenses, or any deductions.

Professional tax preparation services can help clients throughout this process to ensure they have all the documentation needed to support their claims. Tax preparers can work with self-employed clients to help them obtain all the required information while making the audit process less stressful. Enrolling in an audit assistance program is also an excellent option for making this situation more manageable.

What is an Audit Assistance Program?

Sigma Tax Pro offers an audit assistance program to guide clients throughout the audit process. Audit assistance will help clients receive the refund due, while covering Schedule A and Schedule C, without additional costs. This program will also manage all correspondence between the IRS and your client at a set fee. Sigma Tax Pro’s audit assistance program costs less than $60 for tax preparers, with preparers typically charging their clients an additional $39 above cost for these services, which is much more affordable than working with outside audit companies.

Final Thoughts

Knowing how to avoid an audit is often a top priority for tax preparation services. A tax preparer can help clients prevent audits by ensuring that reported information is accurate. However, it’s still possible for a self-employed taxpayer to eventually be audited by the IRS. Investing in an Audit Assistance Program from Sigma Tax Pro is the best way to simplify this process while helping your clients receive the refunds they deserve if they have been denied education credits, EIC, child credits, or similar.

Now is a great time to partner with a professional tax preparer at Sigma Tax Pro to learn more!

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Can You Run Your Accounting Firm Remotely?

Remote accounting jobs were already on the rise before the COVID-19 pandemic altered the workplace. Allowing employees to work from home offers immense benefits, and it will only continue to grow in the future. Cloud computing also makes it easy for remote accountants to perform various tasks from their computer or mobile device. While remote jobs offer plenty of benefits for accountants, it’s still important to keep a few things in mind to maximize your chance of success.

How Accountants Can Work from Their Home Office

One of the first steps in enabling accountants to work from home is to create a solid virtual infrastructure. Putting the right technology in place for work from home accounting jobs is essential in keeping this data safe. A data breach will always result in significant expenses, and it will also ruin your trust and relationship with your clients. An in-house IT team or managed IT service can help set up the necessary security protocols and monitoring services to maximize data security for anyone doing accounting work from home.

The next step is to implement a cloud solution for remote accounting jobs.  Using the cloud makes it possible to centralize your data management and give you access to updates in real-time for remote work. You can choose from various cloud service providers, as they will handle all of your IT maintenance to ensure everything is running as smoothly as possible. You also have the flexibility to scale up or down with the number of users and storage space to meet your accounting firm’s needs best.

Using a cloud service provider makes it much easier for accountants to work from home to log in and immediately go to work. In addition, access to data in real-time enables accountants to work with others despite being in different locations. Automatic software updates will also boost efficiency and provide remote accounting jobs with the latest security upgrades.

Here are a few things accounting firms need to keep in mind while working remotely:

Develop Information Security Policies

Implementing information security policies is essential for any remote job. Data protection is crucial for accounting firms, as these policies need to be easily accessible for each employee. These information security policies will provide detail on acceptable practices and the expectations for handling business operations. Keeping these policies up to date is also important due to the ever-evolving nature of technology.

Create a Cybersecurity Incident Plan

A cybersecurity-related incident can always happen at any time for remote accounting jobs. One way to prepare for these different scenarios is to create a cybersecurity incident response plan for remote jobs. These plans will provide a step-by-step procedure for handling a wide range of situations for working remotely. Ensuring each remote accountant understands these policies is critical in mitigating the damage of a data breach during remote work.

Use Strong Passwords and Multi-Factor Authentication

Another critical tip in improving security for work from home accounting jobs is to create a strong password policy. Accounting firms need to require employees to use passwords of at least eight characters or more while including numbers and symbols. Never using the same password for each account is also critical for data security. Enabling multi-factor authentication also provides an added step of protection for remote accounting jobs.

Always Use a Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Cybercriminals are always finding ways to intercept data transmitted across unsecured networks. One way to avoid this problem is to require remote work jobs always to use a virtual private network (VPN). A VPN provides the best security by encrypting all of the internet traffic for remote jobs, making it almost impossible for computer hackers to access this confidential data.

Establish a Healthy Work-Life Balance

Separating the lines between work and home isn’t always an easy task for remote jobs. Accounting firms need to encourage employees on how to set boundaries while working remotely to avoid burnout. Taking breaks throughout the day and getting some fresh air can make a big difference in reducing stress and helping a remote accountant maintain focus. Setting a schedule for each day and avoiding working hours past your normal times is also important in creating a healthy work-life balance for remote accounting jobs.

Closing Thoughts

Work from home jobs in the accounting industry will only continue to grow due to the widespread use of cloud computing. Understanding how to successfully manage remote accounting jobs is essential in avoiding mistakes and preventing employee burnout. Implementing the right technology in place will improve security for work from home jobs while also empowering accountants to be even more productive outside of an office environment. Implementing these simple steps can play a big role in helping your employees perform accounting work from home.